Ad-Dawaa' Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Recent Updates on the Potential of Medicinal Plants from Indonesia as Anti-Atherosclerotic Agents

Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Atherosclerosis is one of the causes of problems in the cardiovascular system. This condition can be prevented by using natural products, one of which is medicinal plants. This review collects data on medicinal plants that are easily found in Indonesia that can reduce or improve atherosclerosis conditions. There are 10 plants reviewed that have a high level of safety and potential to be developed as medicine. The plant parts used are fruit and leaves. Some are commonly used as cooking spices such as turmeric and garlic which are found to be useful for improving atherosclerosis conditions. In the context of modern drug development, Indonesia holds significant potential for exploring these plants as sources of active compounds for pharmaceutical applications. Scientific studies of these natural materials are crucial for identifying bioactive components and understanding their mechanisms of action. With the right approach, Indonesia's natural resources could form the basis for developing new, safer, and more effective drugs. Additionally, Indonesia has a considerable opportunity in the global market for natural health products, including nutraceuticals and dietary supplements, as global interest in natural health solutions continues to grow.

Organic Nanoparticle Genotoxicity: Current Understanding and Future Testing Needs

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Organic nanoparticles derived from biocompatible materials like chitosan, alginate, and lipids have garnered immense interest for drug delivery, bioimaging, and other biomedical applications. However, as their use rapidly expands, a comprehensive evaluation of their potential genotoxicity is crucial to ensure safe implementation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the genotoxic risks associated with these organic nanoparticles. The review elucidates how the unique physicochemical properties of organic nanoparticles can induce genetic damage through mechanisms such as direct DNA binding, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impairment of DNA repair pathways. Importantly, this genotoxicity can occur even in the absence of overt cytotoxicity, leading to heritable mutations and long-term adverse effects like cancer and reproductive abnormalities. A critical assessment of established and emerging genotoxicity testing methods, including their strengths, limitations, and opportunities for standardization, is presented. The review synthesizes findings from existing in vitro and in vivo studies, revealing the contrasting genotoxic profiles of different organic nanoparticle formulations and exposure scenarios. Furthermore, the review provides insights into the multifaceted factors influencing nanoparticle genotoxicity, guiding the strategic engineering of safer designs. This comprehensive analysis underscores the pivotal importance of rigorous genotoxicity screening in the responsible development of organic nanomaterials. By harmonizing their innovative capabilities with a commitment to genetic integrity, this review paves the way for realizing the vast potential of organic nanoparticles while safeguarding human and environmental health.

Comparison of Tannin Levels in Brewed and Boiled Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze) by UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method

Anita Agustina Styawan, Atun Yuliana — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) has antibacterial and antioxidant properties that are effective in preventing and treating diseases. Green tea contains tannin compounds with antidiarrheal properties, stops bleeding and prevents inflammation of the oral mucosa. To get its properties, the way tea is processed affects the tannin content in tea. Aims: To determine the tannin content in brewed and boiled green tea using UV-Vis Spectrophotometric method. Method: The research method used was experimental research. The sample used was green tea taken from the cultivation site "Mbok Karti" Kemuning, Ngargoyoso, Karanganyar. Extracted using the reflux method. Determination of levels analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Qualitative test results using FeCl3 1% that brewed and boiled green tea contains tannins by showing a change in color to blackish green. Result: The results of quantitative tests using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry obtained a comparison of tannin levels in brewed green tea of 0.05163% w/b and boiled ones of 0.04988% w/b. Where in every 200 grams of brewed green tea samples there are 103.26 mg of tannins for boiled green tea samples there are 99.67 mg of tannins. Tannin levels in brewed green tea are greater than those boiled because tannins are damaged at temperatures above 80°C. While when boiling uses temperatures above 80°C. Whereas when boiling uses temperatures above 80°C. Conclusion: So it is concluded that brewed green tea has higher tannin levels than boiled green tea.

Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Liquid Waste from "X" Hospital in Kediri City

Tri Ana Mulyati, Binti Mu’arofah, Fery Eko Pujiono, Reza Alrayan — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introdiction: Hospitals can not only be a place for people to seek treatment, but they can also get diseases, especially infectious diseases. One source of the spread of infectious diseases comes from hospital waste, so proper waste processing is needed. Hospital wastewater contains many pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus sp., Kluyvera sp., Enterobacter sakazaki, Klebsiella oxytoca and E.coli. This makes it necessary to manage hospital wastewater to prevent the spread of disease, especially by pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, research is still needed on the specific types of bacteria found in wastewater, including hospitals in Kediri City. Aims: to determine the types of pathogenic bacteria at the "X" hospital in Kediri City. Result: the density of bacteria in the bottom waste was greater than in the top and middle parts, with an average of 1,830 bacteria/100 ml. The results of the identification test showed that pathogenic bacteria contained in the waste from hospital "X" in Kediri City included Klebsiella (25%), E.coli (50%) and Pseudomonas (25%). Conclusion: The waste from "X" Hospital Kediri City contains three types of pathogenic bacteria: Klebsiella, E. coli, and Pseudomonas.

Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Dangke Traditional Food, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi

Asbar Tanjung, Ardi Tanfil, Jumriah Nur — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce lactic acid as the end product of carbohydrate metabolism. LAB is known to have benefits, including balancing the microflora in the gut, is bacteriostatic, and is also reported to be able to stimulate the immune system. LAB can be isolated and characterized from various food products spread throughout Indonesia. Dangke is a food product in the form of processed cow's milk which is traditionally produced by the people of Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi. Aims: To isolate and explore the characteristics of LAB both phenotype and genotype isolated from dangke as well as in vitro studies on the potential and mechanisms of their inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Method: Research started with the process of collecting samples of dangke in Enrekang Regency, isolation and identification of indigenous LAB in dangke samples, characterization and continued with in vitro studies on the potential of LAB from dangke to inhibit bacterial growth. Results: LAB isolated from dangke macroscopic characteristics in the form of round colonies, mucoid texture, entire edge, elevation convex and translucent with a size of 2.2 mm. Microscopic characteristics in the form of rod-shaped gram-positive bacteria. Isolated LAB has the ability to grow in extreme conditions approaching intestinal conditions, namely growing in an environment with an acidic pH range of 3-5 and tolerant to bile salts. Secondary metabolites produced can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria in vitro. Conclusion: LAB isolated from dangke have demonstrated significant potential for probiotic and antibacterial applications.

Fermentation Influences the Total Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium polyanthum

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum are widely recognized for their rich phytochemical profile, including flavonoids and phenolics. However, the bioavailability of these compounds can be limited, prompting exploration of methods to enhance their accessibility and potency. Aims: This study investigates the effects of fermentation on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of Syzygium polyanthum. Methods: Three sample groups were examined: fresh leaves, leaves fermented for 3 days, and leaves fermented for 5 days. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to assess flavonoid content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in each sample. Result: The results demonstrated that fermentation significantly impacted these properties, with the 5-day fermented sample exhibiting the highest values: total flavonoid content of 279.850 mg QE/g, total phenol content of 135 mg GAE/g, and antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ of 51.89 ppm. Conclusion: These findings suggest that fermentation can be an effective method to enhance the nutritional and medicinal properties of Syzygium polyanthum leaves. This research provides valuable insights into the potential applications of fermented Syzygium polyanthum in the food and pharmaceutical industries, paving the way for further exploration of its health-promoting properties.

Sedative Hypnotic Effectiveness Activity of Lagenaria siceraria Extract on Swiss Webster White Male Mice

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: The rising prevalence of sleep disorders and concerns about conventional sedative medications' side effects has created an urgent need for safer therapeutic alternatives. Aims: This study investigated the sedative-hypnotic properties of Lagenaria siceraria fruit ethanol extract in a controlled laboratory setting using Swiss Webster male mice. Methods: The research employed a randomized design with 28 male mice (2-3 months old, 20-30 grams) divided into seven groups. Two control groups received either 0.5% NaCMC (negative control) or 0.013 mg/kgBW Diazepam (positive control). The remaining five experimental groups were administered L. siceraria extract at doses ranging from 21 to 49 mg/kgBW. All treatments were administered orally under controlled conditions. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between treatment groups (p<0.005). Result: Subsequent Duncan's test analysis demonstrated that the highest dose of L. siceraria extract (49 mg/kgBW) produced sedative-hypnotic effects comparable to the standard Diazepam treatment. This finding suggests that L. siceraria extract could potentially serve as a natural alternative to conventional sedative medications. Conclusion: The results of this study provide compelling evidence for the sedative-hypnotic properties of L. siceraria extract, warranting further investigation into its mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications. Future research should focus on establishing optimal dosing regimens and evaluating long-term safety profiles before clinical implementation can be considered.

In Vitro Drug Release Evaluations of Piroxicam Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS)

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introdiction: Piroxicam is Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug that belongs to the BCS Class 2, characterized by low solubility. The SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System) approach for piroxicam is believed to enhance its solubility and accelerate drug release. Aims: This study aims to demonstrate that SNEDDS piroxicam has a faster drug release rate compared to piroxicam powder and commercially available piroxicam capsules. Methods: SNEDDS formulation equivalent to 20 mg of piroxicam, containing a combination of oleic acid, Kolliphor EL, and Transcutol in a ratio of 2:7:4, was tested for drug release using a dissolution method in simulated gastric fluid without enzymes at pH 1.2. The concentration of dissolved drug was measured using a validated spectrophotometric method. Result: At the 45th minute, the dissolution rate of piroxicam SNEDDS reached 101.525%, significantly higher than 47.550% achieved by piroxicam powder and 87,081 % commercially piroxicam capsules at the same time. Additionally, the dissolution efficiency of piroxicam SNEDDS is superior, with a rate of 85.539%, compared to 34.510% for piroxicam powder and 66.17% for commercially available piroxicam capsules. Conclusion: The development of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for piroxicam has shown promising potential to improve solubility and drug release, as demonstrated by superior in-vitro release rates compared to piroxicam powder and commercial piroxicam capsules