Al-Kimia

Kinetics Adsorption of Fe Metal using Cellulose Acetate from Palm Fronds (Borassus Flabellifer)

2024-06-30T07:36:18+00:00

Lontar palm fronds (Borassus flabellifer), containing 5.27% cellulose, can be converted into cellulose acetate, which serves as an effective adsorbent for binding iron metal. The adsorption method optimizes the binding of the adsorbate to the adsorbent based on mass and contact time. This study aims to characterize the cellulose acetate derived from lontar palm fronds and evaluate its efficacy as an adsorbent for iron (Fe) metal. The production stages of cellulose acetate include cellulose isolation, synthesis of cellulose acetate, and testing of acetyl content, with a degree of substitution valued at 2.24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) were employed to characterize the cellulose acetate. The optimal absorption capacity for Fe metal was achieved with an adsorbent mass of 0.06 g, resulting in an absorption efficiency of 66.39%. The optimal contact time was determined to be 90 minutes, with an absorption efficiency of 47.56%. The adsorption kinetics of cellulose acetate for iron (Fe) followed the Pseudo Second Order model, with R² = 0.9935 and k = 0.0096.

Theoretical Studies of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Iron Protection by Density Functional Theory (DFT)

2024-06-30T07:36:19+00:00

Corrosion is a severe problem in the petroleum industry. The use of corrosion inhibitors is an effort to reduce the corrosion rate on metal materials. This study used the computational chemistry approach to investigate the corrosion inhibition performances of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole and its derivatives with additional substituents, for instance, electron acceptors and electron donors. Geometry optimizations and calculations of molecular frontier orbital energies were conducted using density functional theory (DFT) in the aqueous phase. These frontier orbital energy values were used to determine other reactivity and stability parameters, such as band gap energy, electron affinity, ionization potential, chemical hardness, chemical softness, number of electron transfers, chemical potential, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, electronegativity, back donation energy, and interaction energy. Electrostatic potential, Mulliken atomic charge, and theoretical inhibition efficiency of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole derivatives were also determined. Generally, the presence of electron donor substituents theoretically increases corrosion inhibitors. The 4,5-diphenyl imidazole with –NH2 substituent is a better derivative than others based on several reactivity and stability parameters due to adding adsorption centers. Therefore, it can increase the performance of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole as a corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption behaviors of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole and its derivatives on Fe(100) surfaces were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The binding energies of three types of inhibitors on the Fe surface of studied inhibitors followed the order: D–NH2 > 4,5-diphenyl imidazole (D) > D–NO2. This ranking obtained is consistent with the theoretical inhibition efficiency.

Characterization of Cocoa Waste Extracts for Carbon Emission Reduction

2024-06-30T07:36:20+00:00

Indonesia continues to experience a decline in cocoa production due to the aging of cocoa plants, conversion of cocoa plantations, pests, and diseases, as well as the government's focus on food crops. These factors contribute to the problem of decreasing cocoa yields. The objectives of this research are twofold: (1) to develop the production of cacao tea from cocoa leaves as a natural herbal drink, and (2) to identify bioactive chemical compounds resulting from the pyrolysis of cocoa waste by controlling temperature and time. The methodology employed in this study includes the analysis of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose content in cocoa leaves. The pyrolysis process was conducted at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C. Extraction was performed using an extractor, where the cocoa leaf waste was mixed with water heated to 80°C for 3 hours. The analysis of flavonoid and antioxidant levels in Pinrang cocoa leaves revealed lignin levels of 43.13%, holocellulose content of 47.11%, alpha-cellulose content of 31.13%, and cellulose content of 43.13%. Proximate analysis of Kolaka Regency cocoa leaves indicated phenol levels of 529.52 mg/kg, catechin levels of 615.71 mg/kg, glucose content of 6.68%, caffeine content of 329.56 mg/kg, carbon content of 52.20%, nitrogen content of 1.24%, hydrogen content of 17.55%, and oxygen content of 29.01%. For cocoa leaf extract from Pinrang Regency, the total flavonoids were 6.01% w/w, while for Kolaka Regency, the total flavonoids were 35.10% w/w. The utilization of cocoa leaves from Kolaka Regency demonstrated superior antioxidant content compared to those from Pinrang Regency. This indicates that cacao tea products made from Kolaka Regency cocoa leaves have great potential for development as a herbal drink. However, there has been limited research on this topic, particularly regarding the use of cocoa waste for cacao tea products. The utilization of cocoa waste is crucial for reducing carbon emissions.

Physiochemical Characteristic and Antioxidant of Solid Bath Soap Containing Gerga Orange (Citrus nobilis L. var RGL) Peel

2024-07-12T03:35:03+00:00

The study primarily focused on analyzing the prospective utilization of waste biomass, particularly those possessing antioxidant properties, for soap formulation. Antioxidants serve as radical scavengers, protecting against oxidative damage in both soap and human skin. This research aims to assess solid bath soap's efficacy and antioxidant potential when combined with Gerga orange peel (Citrus nobilis L. var RGL) extract. The quality of the bath soap was evaluated based on the Indonesian National Standard (INS) 3532:2021. The antioxidant activity of the soap was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging technique. The solid bath soap formulations underwent rigorous quality testing, and the findings indicated that they exceeded the standards set by INS 3532:2021 for solid bath soap quality. These formulations demonstrated superior performance in various parameters, including pH levels, moisture content, free fatty acids, free alkali, solubility in alcohol, and foaming capabilities. The antioxidant activity of each soap formulation was quantified by its IC50 value. The results showed that the level of antioxidant activity in the solid bath soap increased proportionally with the quantity of Gerga orange peel extract used. Overall, the findings suggest a favorable potential for utilizing Gerga orange peel extract as a cost-effective and feasible natural antioxidant component in soap production.

Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Aqueous Layer of Guiera senegalensis Leaf Extract

2024-07-12T03:36:17+00:00

There is need to have cost-effective treatment strategy by using medicinal plant that have therapeutic potentials against varieties of disease due to presence of bioactive compound. The study aimed to characterize the bioactive compounds from the aqueous layer of Guiera senegalensis leaf extracts. Aqueous layer extracts from Guiera senegalensis leaf were prepared and analyzed using FTIR and GCMS. The GCMS result of the plant extract reveals the presence of Carboxylic acid and its derivatives and other compounds such as n-Propyl 11-octadecenoate , Aspidospermidin-17-ol, 1-acetyl-19,21-epoxy-15,16-dimethoxy- . The results of the study have justified therapeutic potential of Guiera senegalensis plant extract. FTIR result indicate a signal at 3205 cm-1which is a vigorous intensity which is attributed to carboxylic acid, a strong signal was observed at 2926 cm-1which is attributed to C-H stretch (alkane),carbon-oxygen (C-O) band was observed at 1200 cm-1 which is attributed to ester, carboxylic acid or ether and aromatic functional carbon-carbon double bond at 1442 cm1, a strong intensity was observed at 1602 cm-1, which is attributed to N-H bend of primary amine, aromatic ring stretch at 1457 cm-1 was also observed with medium intensity. Alkane bend vibration was observed at 1375cm-1, and a strong signal was observed at 1162cm-1, which is attributed to C-N (Amine).

Effect of Stripping Agent Type on Internal Phase Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Method in Metal Complex Separation

2024-06-30T07:36:25+00:00

Metal complexes are formed when a metal element coordinates with a ligand through a coordinate covalent bond. Metal elements come from the transition metal group, including lanthanides and actinides, such as heavy metals and rare earth metals. Heavy metals have a high density, atomic weight, or atomic number. Rare earth metals (LTJ) comprise 15 elements lanthanides, scandium, and itrium. Complex metals are potentially hazardous to health and the environment and must be separated. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is used for the separation of complex metals as it is effective and efficient. ELM involves external, membrane, and internal phases. The internal phase is important in the separation process as it carries stripping agents to pull metals from the membrane to the internal phase. The choice of stripping agent concentration in the internal phase such as HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HCl, NaOH, and Na₂CO₃ affects the extraction efficiency in the separation of complexing metals using ELM. This article aims to evaluate the effect of stripping agent concentration on extraction efficiency.

Utilization of Green Diluent on the Removal for Heavy Metal Contaminants Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane

2024-06-30T07:36:26+00:00

The rapid growth of industries and human activities has increased the amount of waste containing heavy metals, which are potentially toxic to human health and the environment. Conventional methods for managing heavy metal wastes have limitations, leading to the emergence of the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique. This method is not only straightforward and cost-effective but also aligns with green chemistry principles. The composition of ELMs typically includes surfactants, extractants, stripping agents, and diluents. This article focuses on the use of environmentally sustainable diluents derived from vegetable oils. The diluent acts as a solvent for the extractant, aiding in the formation of a stable emulsion and reducing the percentage of emulsion breakage. This article evaluates the potential of vegetable oils as diluents in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) process to enhance emulsion stability and the efficiency of heavy metal extraction.

The Risks and Impacts of Chromium Metals on Human Health and Ecosystems

2024-08-26T07:06:00+00:00

This article discusses the detrimental effects of chromium metal, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), on human health and the environment. The review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of its negative implications. An analysis of relevant studies offers a comprehensive overview of how Cr(VI) exposure severely impacts human health and poses significant environmental risks. The review methodology involved identifying and selecting relevant sources from scientific journal databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using keywords like "Cr(VI)," "health risk," "environmental impact," and "chromium metal." These sources were selected and evaluated based on the quality of the journals, research methodologies, and findings. In terms of human health, exposure to Cr(VI) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and exhibits significant carcinogenic potential. Additionally, Cr(VI) exposure can cause respiratory problems and skin irritation among industrial workers. Environmentally, the release of Cr(VI) into air, water, and soil threatens ecosystems. The impact of Cr(VI) pollution on water and soil is particularly concerning for water quality and plant growth. Furthermore, the emission of Cr(VI) into the atmosphere around industrial areas poses health risks to nearby communities. This article underscores the necessity of stricter monitoring and regulation of chromium-utilizing industries, alongside promoting safer and environmentally friendly alternatives. Implementing preventive and protective measures is crucial to mitigate the adverse effects of chromium metal on human health and the environment. Encouraging the use of safer alternatives and environmentally friendly production technologies is imperative to create a sustainable and healthy environment for all living beings.