Al-Kimia

Kinetics Adsorption of Fe Metal using Cellulose Acetate from Palm Fronds (Borassus Flabellifer)

2024-12-16T04:38:52+00:00

Lontar palm fronds (Borassus flabellifer), containing 5.27% cellulose, can be converted into cellulose acetate, which serves as an effective adsorbent for binding iron metal. The adsorption method optimizes the binding of the adsorbate to the adsorbent based on mass and contact time. This study aims to characterize the cellulose acetate derived from lontar palm fronds and evaluate its efficacy as an adsorbent for iron (Fe) metal. The production stages of cellulose acetate include cellulose isolation, synthesis of cellulose acetate, and testing of acetyl content, with a degree of substitution valued at 2.24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) were employed to characterize the cellulose acetate. The optimal absorption capacity for Fe metal was achieved with an adsorbent mass of 0.06 g, resulting in an absorption efficiency of 66.39%. The optimal contact time was determined to be 90 minutes, with an absorption efficiency of 47.56%. The adsorption kinetics of cellulose acetate for iron (Fe) followed the Pseudo Second Order model, with R² = 0.9935 and k = 0.0096.

Characteristic and Chemical Compound of charcoal Cocoa Wasted by Pyrolysis Process

2024-12-16T04:55:50+00:00

Indonesia continues to experience a decline in cocoa production due to the aging of cocoa plants, conversion of cocoa plantations, pests, and diseases, as well as the government's focus on food crops. These factors contribute to the problem of decreasing cocoa yields. The objectives of this research are to develop the production of cacao tea from cocoa leaves as a natural herbal drink, and to identify bioactive chemical compounds resulting from the pyrolysis of cocoa waste by controlling temperature and time. The methodology employed in this study includes the analysis of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose content in cocoa leaves. The pyrolysis process was conducted at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C. Extraction was performed using an extractor, where the cocoa leaf waste was mixed with water heated to 80°C for 3 hours. The analysis of flavonoid and antioxidant levels in Pinrang cocoa leaves revealed lignin levels of 43.13%, holocellulose content of 47.11%, alpha-cellulose content of 31.13%, and cellulose content of 43.13%. Proximate analysis of Kolaka Regency cocoa leaves indicated phenol levels of 529.52 mg/kg, catechin levels of 615.71 mg/kg, glucose content of 6.68%, caffeine content of 329.56 mg/kg, carbon content of 52.20%, nitrogen content of 1.24%, hydrogen content of 17.55%, and oxygen content of 29.01%. For cocoa leaf extract from Pinrang Regency, the total flavonoids were 6.01% w/w, while for Kolaka Regency, the total flavonoids were 35.10% w/w. The utilization of cocoa leaves from Kolaka Regency demonstrated superior antioxidant content compared to those from Pinrang Regency. This indicates that cacao tea products made from Kolaka Regency cocoa leaves have great potential for development as a herbal drink. However, there has been limited research on this topic, particularly regarding the use of cocoa waste for cacao tea products.

Physiochemical Characteristic and Antioxidant of Solid Bath Soap Containing Gerga Orange (Citrus nobilis L. var RGL) Peel

2024-07-12T03:35:03+00:00

The study primarily focused on analyzing the prospective utilization of waste biomass, particularly those possessing antioxidant properties, for soap formulation. Antioxidants serve as radical scavengers, protecting against oxidative damage in both soap and human skin. This research aims to assess solid bath soap's efficacy and antioxidant potential when combined with Gerga orange peel (Citrus nobilis L. var RGL) extract. The quality of the bath soap was evaluated based on the Indonesian National Standard (INS) 3532:2021. The antioxidant activity of the soap was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging technique. The solid bath soap formulations underwent rigorous quality testing, and the findings indicated that they exceeded the standards set by INS 3532:2021 for solid bath soap quality. These formulations demonstrated superior performance in various parameters, including pH levels, moisture content, free fatty acids, free alkali, solubility in alcohol, and foaming capabilities. The antioxidant activity of each soap formulation was quantified by its IC50 value. The results showed that the level of antioxidant activity in the solid bath soap increased proportionally with the quantity of Gerga orange peel extract used. Overall, the findings suggest a favorable potential for utilizing Gerga orange peel extract as a cost-effective and feasible natural antioxidant component in soap production.

Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Aqueous Layer of Guiera senegalensis Leaf Extract

2024-07-12T03:36:17+00:00

There is need to have cost-effective treatment strategy by using medicinal plant that have therapeutic potentials against varieties of disease due to presence of bioactive compound. The study aimed to characterize the bioactive compounds from the aqueous layer of Guiera senegalensis leaf extracts. Aqueous layer extracts from Guiera senegalensis leaf were prepared and analyzed using FTIR and GCMS. The GCMS result of the plant extract reveals the presence of Carboxylic acid and its derivatives and other compounds such as n-Propyl 11-octadecenoate , Aspidospermidin-17-ol, 1-acetyl-19,21-epoxy-15,16-dimethoxy- . The results of the study have justified therapeutic potential of Guiera senegalensis plant extract. FTIR result indicate a signal at 3205 cm-1which is a vigorous intensity which is attributed to carboxylic acid, a strong signal was observed at 2926 cm-1which is attributed to C-H stretch (alkane),carbon-oxygen (C-O) band was observed at 1200 cm-1 which is attributed to ester, carboxylic acid or ether and aromatic functional carbon-carbon double bond at 1442 cm1, a strong intensity was observed at 1602 cm-1, which is attributed to N-H bend of primary amine, aromatic ring stretch at 1457 cm-1 was also observed with medium intensity. Alkane bend vibration was observed at 1375cm-1, and a strong signal was observed at 1162cm-1, which is attributed to C-N (Amine).

Utilization of Stripping Agents in the Internal Phase for the Removal of Heavy Metal Contaminants Using Emulsion Liquid Membranes

2024-12-16T06:36:56+00:00

Heavy metals have a high density, atomic weight, or atomic number. Heavy metals are potentially hazardous to health and the environment and must be separated. Emulsion liquid membrane is a promising technique to remove heavy metal contaminants from industrial and household effluents. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is used to separate heavy metals as it is effective and efficient. ELM involves external, membrane, and internal phases. The internal phase is essential in the separation process as it carries stripping agents to pull metals from the membrane to the internal phase. The choice of stripping agent concentration in the internal phase, such as HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HCl, NaOH, and Na₂CO_3, affects the extraction efficiency in separating heavying metals using ELM. This article evaluates the effect of stripping agent concentration on extraction efficiency.

Utilization of Green Diluent on the Removal for Heavy Metal Contaminants Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane

2024-12-17T02:24:54+00:00

Growing industries and human activities have increased the amount of waste containing heavy metals, potentially toxic to human health and the environment. Conventional methods for handling heavy metal wastes have limitations, so the current emerging technique is emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), which is easy and inexpensive and leads to green chemistry. The composition of ELMs generally consists of surfactant, extractant, stripping agent, and diluent. In this article, the focus is on the use of environmentally sustainable diluents derived from vegetable oils. The diluent acts as a solvent for the extractant, helping form a stable emulsion and lowering the emulsion breakage percentage. This article aims to evaluate the potential use of vegetable oils as diluents in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) process to improve emulsion stability and heavy metal extraction efficiency.

Risks and Impacts of Chromium Metals on Human and Ecosystem Health

2024-12-17T02:40:20+00:00

This article discusses the harmful effects of chromium metal on human health and the environment. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of its negative implications. Analysis of relevant studies provides a comprehensive picture of how Cr (VI) exposure seriously impacts human health and threatens environmental safety. This review method was conducted by identifying and selecting relevant sources through the scientific journal databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect with the keywords "Cr(VI)," "health risk," "environmental impact," and "chromium metal" then selected and evaluated by considering the quality of the journal, research methodology, and findings. In terms of human health, exposure to Cr(VI) has been shown to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and has significant carcinogenic potential. The impact is not limited to this; Cr(VI) exposure can also cause respiratory problems and skin irritation in industrial workers. In terms of the environment, releasing Cr(VI) into the air, water, and soil threatens living ecosystems. The impact of Cr(VI) pollution on the water and soil environment is of great concern to the quality of water resources and plant growth. In addition, releasing Cr(VI) into the air around industrial plants can also endanger the health of local communities. Therefore, this article highlights the importance of stricter monitoring of chromium-using industries and promoting safer and environmentally friendly alternatives. Implementing preventive and protective measures is essential to minimize the negative impacts of chromium metal on human health and the environment. Using safer alternatives and environmentally friendly production technologies should also be encouraged to create a sustainable and healthy environment for all living beings.

Theoretical Studies of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Iron Protection by Density Functional Theory (DFT)

2024-12-17T02:53:44+00:00

Corrosion is a severe problem in the petroleum industry. The use of corrosion inhibitors is an effort to reduce the corrosion rate on metal materials. This study used the computational chemistry approach to investigate the corrosion inhibition performances of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole and its derivatives with additional substituents, for instance, electron acceptors and electron donors. Geometry optimizations and calculations of molecular frontier orbital energies were conducted using density functional theory (DFT) in the aqueous phase. These frontier orbital energy values were used to determine other reactivity and stability parameters, such as band gap energy, electron affinity, ionization potential, chemical hardness, chemical softness, number of electron transfers, chemical potential, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, electronegativity, back donation energy, and interaction energy. Electrostatic potential, Mulliken atomic charge, and theoretical inhibition efficiency of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole derivatives were also determined. Generally, the presence of electron donor substituents theoretically increases corrosion inhibitors. The 4,5-diphenyl imidazole with –NH2 substituent is a better derivative than others based on several reactivity and stability parameters due to adding adsorption centers. Therefore, it can increase the performance of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole as a corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption behaviors of 4,5-diphenyl imidazole and its derivatives on Fe(100) surfaces were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The binding energies of three types of inhibitors on the Fe surface of studied inhibitors followed the order: D–NH2 > 4,5-diphenyl imidazole (D) > D–NO2. This ranking obtained is consistent with the theoretical inhibition efficiency.