Sino-Russian Coexistence in Serbia: Strategic Symmetry

  • Mirela Imširović University of Sarajevo
    (BA)
  • Adnan Kapo University of Sarajevo
    (BA)
  • Georges Olemanu Lohalo Université de Kinshasa
    (CD)
  • Eliza Farahdiba Saleh Universiti Utara Malaysia
    (MY)
Keywords: Sino-Russian Coexistence, Serbia, Strategy, Southeast Europe, Foreign Policy

Abstract

In recent decades, China has significantly increased its global economic presence, emerging as one of the leading powers in the international system, in alignment with its strategic plan through 2049. This presence includes a keen interest in Southeast Europe, with Serbia identified as a key strategic partner. China's approach to Serbia intersects with Russia's longstanding presence rooted in the historical and cultural ties with Serbia. This paper examines the strategic interests and goals of China and Russia in Serbia, exploring their respective methods and tools. It also delves into Serbia's foreign policy aspirations for sustainable security trying to balance the presence of superpowers within, and around its territory. The paper evaluates Serbia's try of strategic navigation of its geostrategic position between East and West, questioning if Serbia is actually naive or aware of its circumstances. The study elucidates on how China and Russia's strategic maneuvers in the region, often subconsciously, shape Serbia and its neighboring countries. Within this intricate landscape, the concept of “Strategic symmetry” emerges as a crucial element, highlighting the delicate balance of influence that both powers exert in Serbia while it strives to maintain its entry into the European Union.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Barišić, S. (2016). The Role of the Serbian and Russian orthodox churches in shap-ing governmental policies in S. Biserko (ed.), The Warp of Serbian Identity. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. Belgrade.

Beeson, M., & Li, F. (2016). What Consensus? Geopolitics and Policy Paradigms in China and the United States. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 16(1), 29-57.

Berg, E., & Vits, K. (2020). Soft Power as a Foreign Policy Tool: The Role of Small States in Regional Politics. International Studies Review, 22(1), 1-21.

Bieber, F. (2020). The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans. Springer International Publishing.

Brkanović, I. (2017). Kina na Zapadnom Balkanu: Ekonomija, Politika i Bezbednost. Beogradski centar za bezbednosnu politiku.

Brkanović, I., & Pavlović, J. (2018). Srbija u Senci Kineskog Investicionog Modela. Izazovi Evropskih Integracija, 45(4), 135-151.

Callahan, W. A. (2016). China Dreams: 20 Visions of the Future. Oxford University Press.

Čehulić, A. (2020). Geopolitika Zapadnog Balkana: Perspektive, Rizici i Interesi Globalnih Aktera. Institut za Međunarodne Odnose.

Cheng, J. Y. S. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative in Southeast Europe: China’s Strategic Interests and Local Responses. China Quarterly, 151-173.

Cheng, Z., & Sun, W. (2021). China’s Soft Power: Narratives and Strategies in the Western Balkans. Journal of Contemporary China, 30(127), 535-550.

Churchill, W. (1948). The Second World War, Volume 1: The Gathering Storm. Houghton Mifflin.

CEFTA. (2006). Multilateral Free Trade Agreements in Southeast Europe.

Chamber of Commerce of Serbia. (2018). Available at the link: https://api.pks.rs/storage/assets/Kratka%20informacija%20Ruska%20Federacija.pdf. Processed on 22.05.2024.

Čakajac, B., Janković, N., & Stanišić, N. (2024). Serbia-China Economic Cooperation: A Balance of Payments Perspective. Economic Analysis. Kragujevac.

Development Agency of Serbia. (2024). Available at the link: https://ras.gov.rs/podrska-izvozu/sporazumi-o-slobodnoj-trgovini. Processed on 02.08.2024.

Dimitrijević, D. (2017). Chinese Investments in Serbia - A Joint Pledge for the Future of the New Silk Road. Institute of International Politics and Economics, Baltic Journal of European Studies. Tallinn University of Technology. Beograd.

European Union. (2017). Directorate-General for External Policies Policy Depart-ment, Directorate-General for External Policies, Serbia’s cooperation with Chi-na, the European Union, Russia and the United States of America. Available at the link: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/133504/Serbia%20cooperation%20with%20China,%20the%20EU,%20Russia%20and%20the%20USA.pdf. Processed on 21.05.2024.

Gajić, S. A. (2015). Između evroatlantizma i evroazijstva–položaj savremene Srbije. Kultura polisa, 1.

Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press.

Glas Amerike. (2018). Available at the link: https://www.glasamerike.net/a/srbija-na-prelasku-izpremijerskog-u-predsedni%C4%8Dki-sistem-mo%C4%87-je-tamo-gde-jevu%C4%8Di%C4%87/4635044.html. Processed on 02.08.2024.

Government of the Republic of Serbia. (2024). Available at the link: https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/222634/new-chinese-investments-in-serbian-energy-sector-worth-27bn.php. Processed on 02.08.2024.

Džihić, V., & Segert, D. (2021). Authoritarian Populism and Challenges of Democratic Transformation in the Western Balkans. Südosteuropa, 69(4), 533-556.

Flockhart, T. (2016). Constructivism and Foreign Policy: Identity and Belief Systems in World Politics. Routledge.

Hajdinjak, M. (2022). Chinese and Russian Narratives on the Western Balkans: An Analysis of Strategic Communication. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

Healy, B., & Stein, A. (1973). The Balance of Power in International History, Theory and Reality. Journal of Conflict Resolution, SAGE.

Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Or-der. Simon & Schuster.

Imširović, M. (2023). Cooperation between China and SEE Countries Bosnia and Hercegovina (BiH) and Serbia: Analyzing the Underlying Determine. Disserta-tion, Central China Normal University.

Imširović, M. (2024). Pragmatic Foundations in Cooperative Dynamics: A Reflective Analysis. Open Journal of Political Science, 14, 531-550.

Ilić, V. (2020). Energetska dilema Srbije: Kako prebroditi geopolitičke tenzije i rusko vlasništvo na putu ka održivoj tranziciji? BiEPA. Evropski fond za Balkan.

Jovanović, S., M. (2023). The Relationship Between Serbia and Russia in the Post-Yugoslav Era: Political, Economic and Security Dimensions. Studia Srod-kowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne.

Jovanovic, S. (2023). The Evolution of Serbian Foreign Policy under Vucic: Navi-gating between the European Union and Russia. Perspective Politice, XVI(1-2), 106-123.

Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony. Political Economy, Princeton University Press.

Kissinger, H. (1994). Diplomacy. Times Book Prize Winner.

Knopf, A. A. (1978). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace.

Kovačević, F. (2014). Teoretičari klasične geopolitike. Centar za građansko obrazovanje, Podgorica.

Larsen, H. (2020). The Western Balkans between the EU, NATO, Russia and China. Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich.

Latif, M., Mutawalli, M., & Paidi, Z. (2023). Fiqh Peradaban and the Actualization of Religious and State Life in the Modern Society. Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan, 11, 151-75.

Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton & Com-pany, Inc.

Milosavljević, B. (2012). Načelo podjele vlasti u ustavu i ustavnoj praksi Republike Srbije. Pravni Zapisi. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union. Beograd.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The People’s Republic of China. Available at the link: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/wjls/3604_665547/202405/t2024053111367542.html. Processed on: 02.08.2024.

Mirosavljević, I. (2022). Između percepcije javnosti i realnosti: Ruska i kineska politika prema Zapadnom Balkanu, Studija slučaja - Srbija. Beogradski centar za bezbednosnu politiku. Beograd.

Mukhlis, Mutawalli. M., Maskun., Budiyanto., Jumas., Rahadian, D., & Lohalo, G. O. (2024). Narrating Recruitment Model for Legislator Candidates: Is It Fair?. Jambe Law Journal, 7(1), 91-126.

Mukhlis, Mutawalli. M., Wahab, H. A., Paidi, Z., Sastrawaty, N., & Hasan, H. (2024). Heavy Parliamentary V. Heavy Executive: Ambiguity Of Power In Indonesian Constitutional Practices. Jurnal Media Hukum, 31(2), 186-205.

Mukhlis, Mutawalli. M., Maskun, M., Tajuddin, M. S., Aslan, J., Hariyanto, H., & Samosir, H. (2024). Regional Autonomy System: Delegation of Authority and Power of Regional Government in Indonesia in the Study of Fiqh Siyasah. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(2), 471-494.

Nouwens, V., & Ferris, E. (2020). Sino-Russian Interests in Serbia Competitive, Co-ordinated or Complementary? Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. London.

Nye, J. S. Jr. (1990). Soft Power. Washington Post, Newsweek Interactive, LLC. Washington.

Obradović, Ž. (2018). Pojas i put na Balkanu i Srbiji (izazovi saradnje). Univerzitet u Beogradu. Fakultet bezbednosti. Beograd.

Pavlićević, D. (2011). The Sino-Serbian Strategic Partnership in a Sino-EU Relation-ship Context. China Policy Institute, University of Nottingham.

Pfetsch, F. R. (2011). Power in International Negotiations: Symmetry and Asym-metry. CAIRN. Sciences Humaines Sociales. Available at the link: https://shs.cairn.info/revue-negociations-2011-2-page-39?lang=fr&tab=texte-integral. Processed on: 02.08.2024.

Plevnik, J., Mesić S., Jurčić, Lj. (2013). Kina na Balkanu, Plejada, Zagreb.

Plevnik, J. (2017). Pitanja i odgovori: Odnosi Europe I Kine u kontekstu „Pojasa i pu-ta“, IFIMES International Institute. Available at the link: https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/pitanja-i-odgovori-odnosi-europe-i-kine-u-kontekstu-pojasa-i-puta/4112#. Processed on 19.05.2024.

Proroković, D. (2017). Geopolitičke determinante spoljnopolitičkog pozicioniranja Srbije na početku 21. veka. Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. Beograd.

Proroković, D., & Trapara, V. (2018). Srbija i svet u 2017. godini. Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. Beograd.

Pušić, R. (2019). Novi put svile: kulturna saradnja Kine i Srbije. Filološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu. Beogradu.

Radović, Z. (2024). Robna razmena na skeneru: Kako su trgovale Rusija i Srbija prošle godine, RT Balkan. Available at the link: https://lat.rt.rs/ekonomija/81710-rusija-srbija-pad-uvoza-robna-razmena-nafta/. Processed on 22.05.2024.

Rapaić, S. (2009). Energy market in European Union and interests of Serbia. Medjunarodni problemi, 61(4), 515-535.

Rossidis, Z. (2009). Raskid Tito - Staljin prema viđenju grčkog tiska 1948. Godine. Grčko veleposlanstvo u Republici Hrvatskoj. Zagreb.

Sachdeva, B. (2020). An Introduction to Symmetric Games. Intellectually Yours. Available at the link: https://medium.com/intellectually-yours/an-introduction-to-symmetric-games-5591c15fc7c4. Processed on 02.08.2024.

Slobodnaevropa.com. (2024). Available at the link: https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/amp/srbija-eu-briks/33170689.html. Processed on 23.10.2024.

Smith, M., & Jones, D. (2019). Global Powers and Regional Politics: The Role of Chi-na and Russia in the Balkans.

Shapiro, R. (2018). Serbian and Russian Relations: The Future Implications for Ser-bia’s Accession to the European Union. James Madison University Florence. Florence.

Published
2024-12-30
How to Cite
Mirela Imširović, Adnan Kapo, Georges Olemanu Lohalo, & Eliza Farahdiba Saleh. (2024). Sino-Russian Coexistence in Serbia: Strategic Symmetry. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 12(2), 170-201. https://doi.org/10.24252/profetik.v12i2a5
Section
Articles
Abstract viewed = 137 times