Cultural Dynamics and Islamic Legal Realities of Bundo Kanduang in the Patriarchal System of West Sumatra
Abstract
In the Minangkabau tradition, women hold a distinct society and cultural standing referred to as Bundo Kanduang, signifying their unique and esteemed position. This paper aims to examine the position upheld by ethnic Minangkabau women within patriarchy framework of the customary law of West Sumatra and the general Islamic law. This study is qualitative and was conducted using a comparative law approach. To achieve the study aim, data were obtained from interviews with academics, cultural and religious leaders, as well as tradition leaders. The obtained results showed a decline in the status of Bundo Kanduang within the Minangkabau customs. In this custom, the glory of women holding heirloom property was only being used as a symbol. Meanwhile, Islamic law acknowledges that granting rights to women is not contradictory or incompatible. Typically, Islam creates room for equality in the roles and functions of women and men within the Minangkabau community, allowing women (Bundo Kanduang), to have equal opportunities in the public sphere, particularly in the field of work. Based on this understanding, it is crucial to deeply instill in the younger generation an understanding of their position within the customs, religious values, family dynamics, and cultural heritage. This comprehensive education is particularly important as it ensures their awareness of functions and positions, aiming to prevent cultural disparities within the Minangkabau society.
References
Amaliatulwalidain. (2018). Representation of Political Role of Bundo Kanduang in the Regional Government System in Strengthening Local Democracy in West Sumatera. Journal of Malay Islamic Studies, 2(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.19109/jmis.v2i2.3780
Berger, P. (1967). The Social Construction of Reality. Doubleday Anchor Books. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009202613id_/http://perflensburg.se/Berger social-construction-of-reality.pdf
Cahyono, L. D. (2021). Pandangan Hukum Islam Terhadap Sanksi Adat Ditinggian Janjang Di Minangkabau. Sakena: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 6(1). https://journals.fasya.uinib.org/index.php/sakena/article/view/283
Dirkareshza, R., Dirkareshza, N. P., & Agustanti, R. D. (2022). Assimilation Of Customs With Islamic Law In Minangkabau Customary Inheritance Law. Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 6(April), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i1.28305
Elfiani, E., Daipon, D., Na’ali, B., Wadi, F., & Hendri, H. (2022). Manjalang Niniak Mamak: Makna komunikasi verbal dan non-verbal di Nagari Gunuang Malintang Kecamatan Pangkalan Luhak Limo Puluah Kota. Satwika : Kajian Ilmu Budaya Dan Perubahan Sosial, 6(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.22219/satwika.v6i1.20789
Elfira, M. (2023). Minangkabau mothers and daughters in contemporary “rantau” society; Regaining power with modified matrilineal principles and patriarchal “rantau” norms. Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 24(2), 197–224. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v24i2.1170
Ernanda, E. (2023). Challenging the patriarchal culture; Feminist critical discourse analysis of the Indonesian environmental heroines. Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 24(1), 58–86. https://doi.org/10.17510/WACANA.V24I1.1173
Fitri, W., Arif, E., & Sarmiati, S. (2021). Minangkabau Women’s Communication Style As A Bundo Kanduang In Era 4.0. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(2), 3958–3971. https://jptam.org/index.php/jptam/article/view/1475/1303
Genç, G. (2022). the Patriarchal Structure in Margaret Atwood’S Novel, the Handmaid’S Tale. Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9, 101–117. https://doi.org/10.48131/jscs.1094475
Hanifuddin, I. (2011). Posisi Perempuan Minangkabau Dalam Sistem Ulayat Menurut Adat Matrilineal Dan Syarak. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 10(2), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v10i2.927
Harrington, A. G., Overall, N. C., & Maxwell, J. A. (2022). Feminine Gender Role Discrepancy Strain and Women’s Self-Esteem in Daily and Weekly Life: A Person x Context Perspective. Sex Roles, 87(1–2), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-022-01305-1
Herman, M. (2022). Kajian Teoritis Bundo Kanduang Simbol Kesetaraan Gender Berdasarkan Islam Dan Minangkabau. Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama Dan Jender, 21(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v21i2.14039
Hilmi, A. F., & Kiram, M. Z. (2023). The Under-age Marriage during the Pandemic: The Best Interest of the Child Principle. El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 6(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.31862/9785426311961
Husein, S., Herdiansyah, H., & Putri, L. S. (2021). An Ecofeminism Perspective: A Gendered Approach in Reducing Poverty by Implementing Sustainable Development Practices in Indonesia. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 22(5), 210–228. https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/an-ecofeminism-perspective-a-gendered-approach-in-reducing-povert
Ihromi, O. (2000). Penghapusan Diskriminasi Terhadap Perempuan. Alumni. https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3769.JAKPU000000000033591
Ismail, I., Hendri, N., & Nurhakim, P. R. (2023). Minangkabau’s Doro Tradition: Coexistence of Customary Law and Islamic Law in Caning Punishment. Samarah, 7(1), 579–601. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i1.15904
Itao, K., & Kaneko, K. (2020). Evolution of kinship structures driven by marriage tie and competition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(5), 2378–2384. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917716117
Kosasih, A. (2016). Upaya Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Adat dan Syarak dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Nagari. Humanus, XII(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v12i2.4030
Larasati, A. M., & Ayu, N. P. (2020). The Education for Gender Equality and Human Rights in Indonesia: Contemporary Issues and Controversial Problems. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i1.37321
Larasati, N. P. A. (2021). Gender Inequality in Indonesia: Facts and Legal Analysis. Law Research Review Quarterly, 7(4), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48170
Magriasti, L. (2019). Arti penting partisipasi masyarakat dalam kebijakan publik di daerah : analisis dengan teori Sistem David Easton. LAB-ANE FISIP Untirta, : 978-602-(1), 252–258. https://pustaka.ut.ac.id/lib/wp-content/uploads/pdfmk/ISIP421302-M1.pdf
Marjani, G. I. (2023). The Evolution of Islam Nusantara: Tracing the Origins and Examining Contemporary Manifestations of Pluralism and Tolerance. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 11(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.15575/Ijni.v11i1.27813
Merlini, A. (2016). Matriarchal societies: their social, political, economic and cultural structure as the only solution in the destructive phase of patriarchy. In Luiss.
Munir, M., Pandin, M. G. R., & Nor, M. R. M. (2022). Applying Bundo Kanduang Ethics’ Principle on Society Facing Pandemic Covid-19 in Indonesia. Res Militaris, 12(2), 882–894.
Narasati, R. N. (2019). The Causes And Effects Of Women’s Superiority Towards Men As Seen In Aristhophanes’ Lysistrata. KREDO : Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa Dan Sastra, 3(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.24176/kredo.v3i1.3290
Nofiardi, N., & Samiran, F. (2023). Living Under the Same Roof Before the Date of Separation: The Relevance of Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah and Minangkabaunese Custom in A New Direction for Families. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 22(2), 305. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i2.9014
Rahmi, A. L., & Gunawan, A. (2020). Home Garden Concept of Rumah Gadang based on Minangkabau Culture. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 501(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/501/1/012022
Rosyad, R. (2022). Islamic Doctrines on How To Live Tolerance in a Pluralistic Society. Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas, 2(2), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v2i2.17914
Rudito, B. (1991). Bambang Rudito, Adaptasi Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Minangkabau. Pusat Penelitian Unand. https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail.jsp?id=3772
Siregar, F. A., Tarigan, A. A., Nofialdi, Yulika, F., Syahputra, I., Nurhayati, & Ridwan, B. (2022). Staying at Home: The Perspectives of Minangkabau Ulemas Concerning Husbands’ Provision of Sustenance in Covid-19 Impacted Households. Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 21(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6551
Siregar, F. A., Yulika, F., Nofialdi, Harahap, I., Ridwan, B., & Syahputra, I. (2022). Merantau in the Ethnic Tradition of Minangkabau: Local Custom without Sharia Basis? Samarah, 6(1), 115–138. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i1.9954
Sulastri, D., Bachtiar, A., & Maputra, Y. (2021). Loss of Value Bundo Kanduang in the Attention of Parents Who Affect Stress in Young Stunting. Medico Legal Update, 21(2), 496–500. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2729
Suryani, I., Yulnetri, Y., Amrina, A., Nengsih, I., & Randawar, D. K. (2023). Reformulation of Bundo Kanduang’s Role in Solving Domestic Violence Cases. Jambura Law Review, 5(2), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v5i2.19172
Susilawati, S., Amir, B., Ikbal, M., Nur, R., & Maddusila, S. F. (2023). Manifestations of Gender Injustice in Divorced Marriages: The Kabalutan Tradition. Jambura Law Review, 5(1), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v5i1.17722
Tabassum, N., & Nayak, B. S. (2021). Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women’s Career Progressions from a Managerial Perspective. IIM Kozhikode Society and Management Review, 10(2), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975220975513
Valentina, T., & Safitri, C. (2022). Minang Women in The Patriarchy Cultural Maelstrom: Viewed from The View of Religion and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS 2021, 1. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-8-2021.2316280
W.S., H. (2020). Minangkabau Language Greeting System In Creative Text Works: A Case Study on Modern Indonesian Fiction Minangkabau Local Color and Lyrics of Popular Modern Minangkabau Songs. Humanus, 19(2), 161. https://doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v19i2.108619
Yenti, E. (2011). Working Women According to Islam: A Gender Analysis. KAFA’AH: Journal of Gender Studies, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v1i1.49
Yuniarti, I., Barnes, C., & Glenk, K. (2021). Challenges for the development of environmentally sustainable cage culture farming in Lake Maninjau , Indonesia : an institutional perspective. Ecosystems and People, 17(1), 248–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2021.1921848
Copyright (c) 2023 Rizky Alikhsan, Endri Yenti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Mazahibuna: Jurnal Perbandingan Mazhab agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Mazahibuna: Jurnal Perbandingan Mazhab right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.