Covid-19 & Stigma of Patient Families and Health Workers in Makassar City, Indonesia

  • Abdul Gafur Bagian Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Pejuang Republik Indonesia, Makassar
    (ID)
  • Zainuddin Zainuddin Bagian Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Pejuang Republik Indonesia, Makassar
    (ID) http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0254-2447
  • Musdalifah Musdalifah Bagian Keperawatan, Institut Kesehatan dan Bisnis St. Fatimah Mamuju, Mamuju
    (ID)
  • Safriadi Darmansyah Bagian Keperawatan, Institut Kesehatan dan Bisnis St. Fatimah Mamuju, Mamuju
    (ID)

Abstract

Covid-19 has now become an epidemic that has spread almost all over the world and has caused morbidity and mortality. covid-19 in addition to having an impact on physical health also has an impact on the social and economic life of the community as well as mental disorders due to the stigma experienced by infected people, families, and health workers. This study aims to determine the role of knowledge about community stigma towards health workers and families of covid-19 patients in Makassar City, Indonesia.  In this study using a quantitative method with a descriptive survey approach, the sample in this study was 105 respondents, which were taken by simple random sampling technique. The study found that public knowledge about covid-19 was related to stigma in the families of covid-19 patients (p=0.010) and knowledge was also associated with stigma to health workers (p=0.000). Stigma against families and health workers still occurs in Makassar City, due to the lack of knowledge possessed by the community and the existence of fake news or hoaxes that trigger the emergence of stigma against health workers and families of covid-19 patients.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abaluck, J., Chevalier, J. A., Christakis, N. A., Forman, H. P., Kaplan, E. H., Ko, A., & Vermund, S. H. (2020). The case for universal cloth mask adoption and policies to increase supply of medical masks for health workers. SSRN 3567438. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567438

Anwar, A., Malik, M., Raees, V., & Anwar, A. (2020). Role of mass media and public health communications in the covid-19 pandemic. Cureus, 12(9). https://dx.doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.10453

Ardebili, M. E., Naserbakht, M., Bernstein, C., Alazmani-Noodeh, F., Hakimi, H., & Ranjbar, H. (2021). Healthcare providers experience of working during the covid-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. American journal of infection control, 49(5), 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.10.001

Baso, F., Darmawansyah, A. R., Arifin, M. A., Saleh, L. M., & Syafar, M. (2021). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Implementation of the covid-19 Management Program in the City of Makassar. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 6962-6974. https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/6812

Bela, G. S., Pusporini, L. S., Marwiyah, N., & Kuntarto, B. (2021). Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Tingkat Kecemasan Masyarakat tentang Kejadian covid-19 di Lingkungan Perumahan Taman Banten Lestari Kota Serang Tahun 2020. Faletehan Health Journal, 8(01), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.33746/fhj.v8i01.198

Berg-Weger, M., & Morley, J. E. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation in older adults during the covid-19 pandemic: Implications for gerontological social work. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 24, 456–458 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1366-8

Canady, V. A. (2020). COVID‐19 outbreak represents a new way of mental health service delivery. Mental Health Weekly, 30(12), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/mhw.32282

Chew, C. C., Lim, X. J., Chang, C. T., Rajan, P., Nasir, N., & Low, W. Y. (2021). Experiences of Social Stigma Among Patients Tested Positive for covid-19 and Their Family Members: A Qualitative Study. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-153721/v1

Chong, Y. Y., Cheng, H. Y., Chan, H. Y. L., Chien, W. T., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020). covid-19 pandemic, infodemic and the role of eHealth literacy. International journal of nursing studies, 108, 103644. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijnurstu.2020.103644

Duan, W., Bu, H., & Chen, Z. (2020). covid-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Social Science & Medicine, 266, 113425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113425

Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., Chatterjee, S., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., & Lavie, C. J. (2020). Psychosocial impact of covid-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035

Fawaz, M., & Samaha, A. (2020). The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to covid-19: A qualitative study of Lebanese health care workers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 560-565. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020764020932202

Gbashi, S., Adebo, O. A., Doorsamy, W., & Njobeh, P. B. (2021). Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on covid-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study. JMIR medical informatics, 9(3), e22916. https://doi.org/10.2196/22916

Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of covid-19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatrica, 72(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0026-4946.20.05887-9

Handayani, R. T., Kuntari, S., Darmayanti, A. T., Widiyanto, A., & Atmojo, J. T. (2020). Factors Causing Stress in Health and Community When the covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 8(3), 353. https://doi.org/10.26714/jkj.8.3.2020.353-360

Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2020). covid-19 response: Traumatic stress in the age of covid-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/TRA0000592

Iqbal, M. A., & Younas, M. Z. (2021). Public knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards covid-19 in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105784

Islam, A., Pakrashi, D., Vlassopoulos, M., & Wang, L. C. (2021). Stigma and misconceptions in the time of the covid-19 pandemic: A field experiment in India. Social Science & Medicine, 278, 113966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113966

Islam, M. S., Sarkar, T., Khan, S. H., Kamal, A. H. M., Hasan, S. M., Kabir, A., & Seale, H. (2020). covid-19–related infodemic and its impact on public health: A global social media analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(4), 1621. https://dx.doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.20-0812

Kenyon, C. (2020). Flattening-the-curve associated with reduced covid-19 case fatality rates-an ecological analysis of 65 countries. Journal of Infection, 81(1), e98-e99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.007

Komarova, N. L., Schang, L. M., & Wodarz, D. (2020). Patterns of the covid-19 pandemic spread around the world: exponential versus power laws. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 17(170), 20200518. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0518

Kowalski, J., Marchlewska, M., Molenda, Z., Górska, P., & Gawęda, Ł. (2020). Adherence to safety and self-isolation guidelines, conspiracy and paranoia-like beliefs during covid-19 pandemic in Poland-associations and moderators. Psychiatry Research, 294, 113540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113540

Lai, C. C., Wang, C. Y., Wang, Y. H., Hsueh, S. C., Ko, W. C., & Hsueh, P. R. (2020). Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105946

Landa-Blanco, M., Mejía, C. J., Landa-Blanco, A. L., Martínez-Martínez, C. A., Vásquez, D., Vásquez, G., & Montoya, B. D. (2021). Coronavirus awareness, confinement stress, and mental health: Evidence from Honduras, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico and Spain. Social Science & Medicine, 277, 113933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113933

Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of covid-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry research, 290, 113112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113112

Li, T., Bu, H., & Duan, W. (2021). A brief measure of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma on covid-19: A study with a sample from China. Personality and Individual Differences, 180, 110993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110993

Li, Y., Twersky, S., Ignace, K., Zhao, M., Purandare, R., Bennett-Jones, B., & Weaver, S. R. (2020). Constructing and Communicating covid-19 Stigma on Twitter: A Content Analysis of Tweets during the Early Stage of the covid-19 Outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6847. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186847

Liu, K., Chen, Y., Wu, D., Lin, R., Wang, Z., & Pan, L. (2020). Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with covid-19. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 39, 101132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132

Lopes, B., Bortolon, C., & Jaspal, R. (2020). Paranoia, hallucinations and compulsive buying during the early phase of the covid-19 outbreak in the United Kingdom: a preliminary experimental study. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113455

Lovari, A. (2020). Spreading (dis) trust: covid-19 misinformation and government intervention in Italy. Media and Communication, 8(2), 458-461. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3219

Mhango, M., Dzobo, M., Chitungo, I., & Dzinamarira, T. (2020). covid-19 risk factors among health workers: a rapid review. Safety and Health at Work, 11(3), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.001

Omori, R., Mizumoto, K., & Chowell, G. (2020). Changes in testing rates could mask the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) growth rate. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 116-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.021

Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 88, 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026

Purwanti, S. H., & Pramana, C. (2020). Management Of Corpses With covid-19: Perspective On Cases In Indonesia. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine, 6-9. https://jummec.um.edu.my/article/view/23665

Rahman, N. E., Tyas, A. W., & Nadhilah, A. (2020). Hubungan pengetahuan tentang covid-19 terhadap sikap stigma masyarakat pada orang yang bersinggungan dengan covid-19. Share: Social Work Journal, 10(2), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v10i2.29614

Ramaci, T., Barattucci, M., Ledda, C., & Rapisarda, V. (2020). Social stigma during covid-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability, 12(9), 3834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093834

Ren, X. (2020). Pandemic and lockdown: a territorial approach to covid-19 in China, Italy and the United States. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(4-5), 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1762103

Rosyanti, L., & Hadi, I. (2020). Dampak Psikologis dalam Memberikan Perawatan dan Layanan Kesehatan Pasien covid-19 pada Tenaga Profesional Kesehatan. Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian, 12(1), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.vi.191

Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during covid-19 pandemic. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083

Saefi, M., Fauzi, A., Kristiana, E., Adi, W. C., Muchson, M., Setiawan, M. E., & Ramadhani, M. (2020). Survey data of covid-19-related knowledge, attitude, and practices among indonesian undergraduate students. Data in brief, 31, 105855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105855

Sahu, S. A. (2020). Discrimination Against Healthcare Professionals By Society Amidst covid-19 Pandemic. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 3135-3143. https://ejmcm.com/article_6341.html

Samaroudi, M., Echavarria, K. R., & Perry, L. (2020). Heritage in lockdown: digital provision of memory institutions in the UK and US of America during the covid-19 pandemic. Museum Management and Curatorship, 35(4), 337-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2020.1810483

Satuan Tugas Penanganan covid-19. (2020, May 5). Peta Sebaran covid-19. https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran

Shok, N., & Beliakova, N. (2020). How Soviet Legacies Shape Russia's Response to the Pandemic: Ethical Consequences of a Culture of Non-Disclosure. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 30(3), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0020

Singh, R., & Subedi, M. (2020). covid-19 and stigma: Social discrimination towards frontline healthcare providers and covid-19 recovered patients in Nepal. Asian journal of psychiatry. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102222

Stangl, A. L., Earnshaw, V. A., Logie, C. H., van Brakel, W., Simbayi, L. C., Barré, I., & Dovidio, J. F. (2019). The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC medicine, 17(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1271-3

Sulistiadi, W., Slamet, S. R., & Harmani, N. (2020). Handling of Public Stigma on covid-19 in Indonesian Society. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal). http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v15i2.3909

Tang, L. H., Tang, S., Chen, X. L., Zhang, S., Xiong, Y., Chen, R., ... & Meng, Q. T. (2020). Avoiding health worker infection and containing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: perspectives from the frontline in Wuhan. International Journal of Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.060

Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020b). Worry, avoidance, and coping during the covid-19 pandemic: A comprehensive network analysis. Journal of anxiety disorders, 76, 102327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102327

Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020a). Fear and avoidance of healthcare workers: An important, under-recognized form of stigmatization during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102289

Tsermoulas, G., Zisakis, A., Flint, G., & Belli, A. (2020). Challenges to Neurosurgery During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. World Neurosurgery, 139, 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.108

Wahed, W. Y. A., Hefzy, E. M., Ahmed, M. I., & Hamed, N. S. (2020). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and perception of health care workers regarding covid-19, a cross-sectional study from Egypt. Journal of community health, 45(6), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00882-0

Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8

Xue, Q., Xie, X., Liu, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, K., Wu, H., Wang, Z., Feng, Y., & Song, R. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards covid-19 among primary school students in Hubei Province, China. Children and youth services review, 120, 105735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105735

Yıldırım, M., & Solmaz, F. (2020). covid-19 burnout, covid-19 stress and resilience: Initial psychometric properties of covid-19 Burnout Scale. Death Studies, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1818885

Zhou, Y., Xu, R., Hu, D., Yue, Y., Li, Q., & Xia, J. (2020). Effects of human mobility restrictions on the spread of covid-19 in Shenzhen, China: a modelling study using mobile phone data. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e417-e424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30165-5

Published
2021-06-30
How to Cite
Gafur, A., Zainuddin, Z., Musdalifah, M., & Darmansyah, S. (2021). Covid-19 & Stigma of Patient Families and Health Workers in Makassar City, Indonesia. Al-Sihah: The Public Health Science Journal, 13(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-sihah.v13i1.21463
Section
Volume 13, Nomor 1, January-June 2021
Abstract viewed = 504 times