Recent Updates on the Potential of Medicinal Plants from Indonesia as Anti-Atherosclerotic Agents
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the causes of problems in the cardiovascular system. This condition can be prevented by using natural products, one of which is medicinal plants. This review collects data on medicinal plants that are easily found in Indonesia that can reduce or improve atherosclerosis conditions. There are 10 plants reviewed that have a high level of safety and potential to be developed as medicine. The plant parts used are fruit and leaves. Some are commonly used as cooking spices such as turmeric and garlic which are found to be useful for improving atherosclerosis conditions. In the context of modern drug development, Indonesia holds significant potential for exploring these plants as sources of active compounds for pharmaceutical applications. Scientific studies of these natural materials are crucial for identifying bioactive components and understanding their mechanisms of action. With the right approach, Indonesia's natural resources could form the basis for developing new, safer, and more effective drugs. Additionally, Indonesia has a considerable opportunity in the global market for natural health products, including nutraceuticals and dietary supplements, as global interest in natural health solutions continues to grow.
Downloads
References
Alotaibi, B. S., Ijaz, M., Buabeid, M., Kharaba, Z. J., Yaseen, H. S., & Murtaza, G. (2021).
Therapeutic Effects and Safe Uses of Plant-Derived Polyphenolic Compounds in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review
. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15, 4713–4732. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327238Asare, G. A., Gyan, B., Bugyei, K., Adjei, S., Mahama, R., Addo, P., Otu-Nyarko, L., Wiredu, E. K., & Nyarko, A. (2012). Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation levels. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(1), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009
Atanasov, A. G., Zotchev, S. B., Dirsch, V. M., & Supuran, C. T. (2021). Natural products in drug discovery: Advances and opportunities. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 20(3), 200–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
Atherosclerosis—What Is Atherosclerosis? | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2022, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis
Aviram, M., & Rosenblat, M. (2012). Pomegranate Protection against Cardiovascular Diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, e382763. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/382763
Aviram, M., & Rosenblat, M. (2013). Pomegranate for Your Cardiovascular Health. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 4(2), e0013. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10113
Baskaran, G., Salvamani, S., Azlan, A., Ahmad, S. A., Yeap, S. K., & Shukor, M. Y. (2015). Hypocholesterolemic and Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Basella alba Leaf Extract in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbits. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2015, 751714. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/751714
Brugiolo, S., Peters, V., Pimenta, D., Aarestrup, B., Brugiolo, A., Ribeiro, D., & Guerra, M. (2010). Reproductive toxicity of Echinodorus grandiflorus in pregnant rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 35, 911–922. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.35.911
Cammisotto, V., Nocella, C., Bartimoccia, S., Sanguigni, V., Francomano, D., Sciarretta, S., Pastori, D., Peruzzi, M., Cavarretta, E., D’Amico, A., Castellani, V., Frati, G., Carnevale, R., & Group, Sm. (2021). The Role of Antioxidants Supplementation in Clinical Practice: Focus on Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Antioxidants, 10(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020146
Cardiovascular diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases
Castro, C. (2022). Editorial: Natural Plant Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.848497
Chang, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., & Sun, J. (2020). Natural Drugs as a Treatment Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease through the Regulation of Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 5430407. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5430407
Chong, C. L. G., Othman, F., & Hussan, F. (2018). Vascular Protective Effects of Morinda citrifolia Leaf Extract on Postmenopausal Rats Fed with Thermoxidized Palm Oil Diet: Evidence at Microscopic Level. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, 2018, 6317434. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6317434
Ciumărnean, L., Milaciu, M. V., Runcan, O., Vesa, Ștefan C., Răchișan, A. L., Negrean, V., Perné, M.-G., Donca, V. I., Alexescu, T.-G., Para, I., & Dogaru, G. (2020). The Effects of Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules, 25(18), 4320. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184320
Dana, N., Javanmard, S. H., Asgary, S., Asnaashari, H., & Abdian, N. (2012). The effect of Aloe vera leaf gel on fatty streak formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 17(5), 439–442.
Erazo-Pagador, G. (2021). Acute toxicity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract to snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) juvenile. Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. http://hdl.handle.net/10862/6278
Frostegård, J. (2013). Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Medicine, 11, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-117
Gasparotto, F. M., Palozi, R. A. C., da Silva, C. H. F., Pauli, K. B., Donadel, G., Lourenço, B. H. L. B., Nunes, B. C., Lívero, F. A. D. R., de Souza, L. M., Lourenço, E. L. B., Kassuya, C. A. L., & Gasparotto Junior, A. (2019). Antiatherosclerotic Properties of Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli: From Antioxidant and Lipid-Lowering Effects to an Anti-Inflammatory Role. Journal of Medicinal Food, 22(9), 919–927. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0017
Ghadirkhomi, A., Safaeian, L., Zolfaghari, B., Agha Ghazvini, M. R., & Rezaei, P. (2016). Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of Pinus eldarica bark extract in Wistar rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 6(5), 558–566.
Guo, X., & Mei, N. (2016). Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews, 34(2), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826
Hu, W., Sarengaowa, Guan, Y., & Feng, K. (2022). Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.906069
Huga, A. R., Wulan, A. J., & Yusran, M. (2019). Efek Aloe vera dalam Menurunkan Risiko Penyakit Stroke. Medical Profession Journal of Lampung, 9(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v9i2.278
Huseini, H. F., Anvari, M. S., Khoob, Y. T., Rabbani, S., Sharifi, F., Arzaghi, S. M., & Fakhrzadeh, H. (2015). Anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects of Pinus eldarica Medw. Nut in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Daru: Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 23, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40199-015-0114-9
Iravani, S., & Zolfaghari, B. (2014). Phytochemical analysis of Pinus eldarica bark. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(4), 243–250.
Khan, J., Deb, P. K., Priya, S., Medina, K. D., Devi, R., Walode, S. G., & Rudrapal, M. (2021). Dietary Flavonoids: Cardioprotective Potential with Antioxidant Effects and Their Pharmacokinetic, Toxicological and Therapeutic Concerns. Molecules, 26(13), 4021. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134021
Koscielny, J., Klüssendorf, D., Latza, R., Schmitt, R., Radtke, H., Siegel, G., & Kiesewetter, H. (1999). The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis, 144(1), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00060-x
Kozłowska, A., & Szostak-Węgierek, D. (2022). Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases by Flavonols: An Update. Nutrients, 14(7), 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071439
Kubler and Haass—1996—Cardioprotection definition, classification, and .pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2021, from https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/75/4/330.full.pdf
Kubler, W., & Haass, M. (1996). Cardioprotection: Definition, classification, and fundamental principles. Heart, 75(4), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.75.4.330
Kurian, G. A., Rajagopal, R., Vedantham, S., & Rajesh, M. (2016). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury and Remodeling: Revisited. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1656450. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1656450
Leancă, S. A., Afrăsânie, I., Crișu, D., Matei, I. T., Duca, Ștefania T., Costache, A. D., Onofrei, V., Tudorancea, I., Mitu, O., Bădescu, M. C., Șerban, L. I., & Costache, I. I. (2023). Cardiac Reverse Remodeling in Ischemic Heart Disease with Novel Therapies for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Life, 13(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13041000
Leancă, S. A., Crișu, D., Petriș, A. O., Afrăsânie, I., Genes, A., Costache, A. D., Tesloianu, D. N., & Costache, I. I. (2022). Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction: From Physiopathology to Treatment. Life, 12(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081111
Lin, K., Chen, H., Chen, X., Qian, J., Huang, S., & Huang, W. (2020). Efficacy of Curcumin on Aortic Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Mouse Studies and Insights into Possible Mechanisms. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, e1520747. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1520747
Mabrouki, L., Rjeibi, I., Taleb, J., & Zourgui, L. (2020). Cardiac Ameliorative Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rat Model. BioMed Research International, 2020, e6583603. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6583603
Marques, A. M., Provance, D. W., Kaplan, M. A. C., & Figueiredo, M. R. (2017). Echinodorus grandiflorus: Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview of a medicinal plant used in Brazil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 109, 1032–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.026
Massberg, S., & Polzin, A. (2018). [Update ESC-Guideline 2017: Dual Antiplatelet Therapy]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 143(15), 1090–1093. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0549-8230
Mirmiran, P., Hosseini-Esfahani, F., Esfandiar, Z., Hosseinpour-Niazi, S., & Azizi, F. (2022). Associations between dietary antioxidant intakes and cardiovascular disease. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05632-x
Murugan, S., Solanki, H., Purusothaman, D., Bethapudi, B., Ravalji, M., & Mundkinajeddu, D. (2021). Safety Evaluation of Standardized Extract of Curcuma longa (NR-INF-02): A 90-Day Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study in Rats. BioMed Research International, 2021, 6671853. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6671853
Nagalingam, S., Sasikumar, C. S., & Cherian, K. M. (2012). Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening of active compounds in Morinda Citrifolia fruit. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5, 179–181.
Ojha, N., & Dhamoon, A. S. (2023). Myocardial Infarction. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537076/
Ooi, B. K., Chan, K.-G., Goh, B. H., & Yap, W. H. (2018). The Role of Natural Products in Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases via Nrf2 Pathway: Novel Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01308
Pacheco, L. S., Li, Y., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Sun, Q., Rexrode, K., Hu, F. B., & Guasch‐Ferré, M. (2022). Avocado Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(7), e024014. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.024014
Pedret, A., Fernández-Castillejo, S., Valls, R.-M., Catalán, Ú., Rubió, L., Romeu, M., Macià, A., López de Las Hazas, M. C., Farràs, M., Giralt, M., Mosele, J. I., Martín-Peláez, S., Remaley, A. T., Covas, M.-I., Fitó, M., Motilva, M.-J., & Solà, R. (2018). Cardiovascular Benefits of Phenol-Enriched Virgin Olive Oils: New Insights from the Virgin Olive Oil and HDL Functionality (VOHF) Study. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62(16), e1800456. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201800456
Pourbagher-Shahri, A. M., Farkhondeh, T., Ashrafizadeh, M., Talebi, M., & Samargahndian, S. (2021). Curcumin and cardiovascular diseases: Focus on cellular targets and cascades. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 136, 111214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111214
Prof. Dr.Ir. Sri Wahjuni, M. K., & Prof. Dr. dr. I Wayan Putu Sutirta Yasa, M. S. (2017). Intake of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Decreases IL-1 and TNF-a Levels in Dyslipidemic Wistar Rat Model. Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine, 3(1), Article 1. https://erepo.unud.ac.id/id/eprint/11825/
Ramos, E., Ortiz-Moreno, A., Chamorro, G., Hernández-Navarro, M., Garduño-Siciliano, L., Necoechea-Mondragón, H., & Hernández-Ortega, M. (2012). Hypolipidemic Effect of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Seed in a Hypercholesterolemic Mouse Model. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 67, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-012-0280-6
Ribeiro-Filho, J., Teles, Y. C. F., Igoli, J. O., & Capasso, R. (2022). Editorial: New trends in natural product research for inflammatory and infectious diseases. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.975079
Saini, R. K., Sivanesan, I., & Keum, Y.-S. (2016). Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: A review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance. 3 Biotech, 6(2), 203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0526-3
Sedighi, M., Bahmani, M., Asgary, S., Beyranvand, F., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2017). A review of plant-based compounds and medicinal plants effective on atherosclerosis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 22, 30. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.202151
Singh, L., Sharma, S., Xu, S., Tewari, D., & Fang, J. (2021). Curcumin as a Natural Remedy for Atherosclerosis: A Pharmacological Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(13), 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134036
Singh, R. S., & Silitonga, H. A. (2021). Hypolipidemic Effects Of Aloe Vera (Aloe Vera L.). International Journal of Biomedical Herbal Medicine, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.46880/ijbhm.v1i1.732
Toxicity studies of centella asiatica. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://biointerfaceresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/20695837126.80818093.pdf
Valaei, K., Taherkhani, S., Arazi, H., & Suzuki, K. (2021). Cardiac Oxidative Stress and the Therapeutic Approaches to the Intake of Antioxidant Supplements and Physical Activity. Nutrients, 13(10), 3483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103483
Vázquez-Ruiz, Z., Toledo, E., Vitelli-Storelli, F., Goni, L., de la O, V., Bes-Rastrollo, M., & Martínez-González, M. Á. (2022). Effect of Dietary Phenolic Compounds on Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the SUN Project; 10 Years of Follow-Up. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 11(4), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040783
Wahyuningrum, R., Pangestu, D., & Budiman, A. (2022). Ethnomedical Study of Plants as a Traditional Medicine on Respiratory System Disease in Cilongok, Banyumas, Indonesia. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 27(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.72168
Wells, B. G., DiPiro, J. T., Schwinghammer, T. L., & DiPiro, C. V. (2015). Pharmacotherapy handbook. http://mhebooklibrary.com/reader/pharmacotherapy-handbook-9e
Yasir, M., Das, S., & Kharya, M. D. (2010). The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.65332
Zhang, Z., Wu, H., Wang, T., Liu, Y., & Meng, C. (2022). Mechanisms of Myocardial Damage Due to Hyperlipidemia: A Review of Recent Studies. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 28, e937051-1-e937051-9. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.937051
Zhou, D.-D., Luo, M., Shang, A., Mao, Q.-Q., Li, B.-Y., Gan, R.-Y., & Li, H.-B. (2021). Antioxidant Food Components for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Studies. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, e6627355. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6627355
Copyright (c) 2024 Gayuk Kalih Prasesti, Angga Cipta Narsa, Akhmad Jaizzur Rijai, Kharina Septi Lestari, Zulkaida Zulkaida
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Once an article was published in the journal, the author(s) are:
- granted to the journal right licensed under Creative Commons License Attribution that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship.
- permitted to publish their work online in third parties as it can lead to wider dissemination of the work.
- continue to be the copyright owner and allow the journal to publish the article with the CC BY-SA license
- receiving a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the work.