Utilization of Green Diluent on the Removal for Heavy Metal Contaminants Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane
Abstract
Growing industries and human activities have increased the amount of waste containing heavy metals, potentially toxic to human health and the environment. Conventional methods for handling heavy metal wastes have limitations, so the current emerging technique is emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), which is easy and inexpensive and leads to green chemistry. The composition of ELMs generally consists of surfactant, extractant, stripping agent, and diluent. In this article, the focus is on the use of environmentally sustainable diluents derived from vegetable oils. The diluent acts as a solvent for the extractant, helping form a stable emulsion and lowering the emulsion breakage percentage. This article aims to evaluate the potential use of vegetable oils as diluents in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) process to improve emulsion stability and heavy metal extraction efficiency.
Downloads
References
Admawi, Hayder K., and Ahmed A. Mohammed. (2023a). “A Comprehensive Review of Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Toxic Contaminants Removal: An Overview on Emulsion Stability and Extraction Efficiency.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 11(3):109936.
Admawi, H. K., & Ahmed A. Mohammed. (2023b). “Extraction of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions by Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) Using Three Different Carriers Dissolved in a 70:30 Ratio of Sunflower Oil to Kerosene.” Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 100(9):101081. doi: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.101081.
Ahmad, A. L., S. Ismail, & S. Bhatia. (2011a). “Stability of Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) in the Extraction Process: A Review.” Chemical Engineering Journal171(3): pp. 870–82.
Ahmad, A. L., A. Kusumastuti, C. J. C. Derek, and B. S. Ooi. (2011b). “Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Heavy Metal Removal: An Overview on Emulsion Stabilization and Destabilization.” Chemical Engineering Journal 171(3):870–82. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.102.
Ahmad, A. L., M. M. H. Shah Buddin, & B. S. Ooi. (2015). “Extraction of Cd(II) Ions by Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) Using Aliquat 336 as Carrier.” American Journal of Chemistry 5(3A):1–6. doi: 10.5923/c.chemistry.201501.01.
Ahmad, A. L., M. M. H. Shah Buddin, B. S. Ooi, and Adhi Kusumastuti. (2016). “Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solution by Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM): Influence of Emulsion Formulation on Cadmium Removal and Emulsion Swelling.” Desalination and Water Treatment 57(58):28274–83. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2016.1179674.
Ahmad, Abdul Latif, Zulfida Mohamad Hafis Mohd Shafie, Nur Dina Z., & Wen Yu Pang. (2019). “Preliminary Study of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Formulation on Acetaminophen Removal from the Aqueous Phase.” Membranes 9(10):1–11. doi: 10.3390/membranes9100133.
Ahmad, K., C. C. Ho, W. K. Fong, and D. Toji. (1996). “Properties of Palm Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Nonionic Emulsifiers.” JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 181(2):595–604.
Alkio, M., Tabuchi, T. M., Wang, X., & Colón-Carmona, A. (2005). “Stress responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Arabidopsis include growth inhibition and hypersensitive response-like symptoms.”Journal of Experimental Botany, 56(421): 2983–2994. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri295
Anarakdim, Katia, Gemma Gutiérrez, Ángel Cambiella, Ounissa Senhadji-Kebiche, and María Matos. (2020a). “The Effect of Emulsifiers on the Emulsion Stability and Extraction Efficiency of Cr(Vi) Using Emulsion Liquid Membranes (ELMS) Formulated with a Green Solvent.” Membranes10(4). doi: 10.3390/membranes10040076.
Anarakdim, Katia, María Matos, Angel Cambiella, Ounissa Senhadji-Kebiche, and Gemma Gutiérrez. (2020b). “Effect of Temperature on the Heat Treatment to Recover Green Solvent from Emulsion Liquid Membranes Used in the Extraction of Cr(VI).” Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 158:108178. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2020.108178.
Banerjee, A., & R. Chakraborty. (2009). “Parametric Sensitivity in Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production-A Review.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53(9):490–97. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.04.003.
Bettelheim, F. A., W. H. Brown, M. K. Campbell, & S. O. Farrell. (2010). Introduction to Organic and Biochemistry. 7th ed. California: Brooks Cole Cengage Learning.
Björkegren, Sanna, and Rose Fassihi Karimi. (2011). “A Study of the Heavy Metal Extraction Process Using Emulsion Liquid Membranes.” Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg.
Björkegren, Sanna, Rose Fassihi Karimi, Anna Martinelli, Natesan Subramanian Jayakumar, and Mohd Ali Hashim. (2015). “A New Emulsion Liquid Membrane Based on a Palm Oil for the Extraction of Heavy Metals.” Membranes 5(2):168–79. doi: 10.3390/membranes5020168.
Chang, S. H. (2014). “Vegetable Oil as Organic Solvent for Wastewater Treatment in Liquid Membrane Processes.” Desalination and Water Treatment52(1–3): pp. 88–101. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2013.782829.
Chang, S. H. (2020). “Utilization of Green Organic Solvents in Solvent Extraction and Liquid Membrane for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery—a Review.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27(26):32371–88. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09639-7.
Chang, S. H., Tjoon Tow Teng, & Norli Ismail. (2011). “Soybean Oil-Based Bulk Liquid Membrane for Simultaneous Extraction and Stripping of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development2(5): pp. 389–93. doi: 10.7763/ijesd.2011.v2.156.
Dâas, Attef, and Oualid Hamdaoui. (2010). “Extraction of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Emulsion Liquid Membrane.” Journal of Hazardous Materials178(1–3):973–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.033.
Daraei, Parisa, Sina Zereshki, and Amin Shokri. (2019). “Application of Nontoxic Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane Prepared by Sunflower Oil for Water Decolorization: Process Optimization by Response Surface Methodology.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 77:215–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.039.
Davoodi-Nasab, Payman, Ahmad Rahbar-Kelishami, and Maliheh Raji-Asadabadi. (2017). “Fast and Efficient Chromium(VI) Pertraction with Aliquat 336 in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Using Sunflower Oil as a High Potential Solvent.” Desalination and Water Treatment 80:234–46. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2017.20990.
Dewa, Ayu Anom Yuarini, G. P. Ganda Putra, Suryawan Wiranatha, and Luh Putu Wrasiati. (2021). “Production and Added Value of Waste Cooking Oil Product Derivatives in the Bali Province.” Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering 4(1):56–62.
Dhamodaran, G., Ramesh Krishnan, Y. K. P., Homeshwar Machgahe Pyarelal, H. S., & Aditya Krishna Ganeshram. (2017). “A Comparative Study of Combustion, Emission, and Performance Characteristics of Rice-Bran-, Neem-, and Cottonseed-Oil Biodiesels with Varying Degree of Unsaturation.” Fuel 187:296–305. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.062.
Friedman, M. (2013). “Rice Brans, Rice Bran Oils, and Rice Hulls: Composition, Food and Industrial Uses, and Bioactivities in Humans, Animals, and Cells.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61(45):10626–41.
Imdad, S., & Rajeev Kumar Dohare. (2022). “A Critical Review On Heavy Metals Removal Using Ionic Liquid Membranes From The Industrial Wastewater.” Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 173:108812.
Kazemi, Pezhman, Mohammad Peydayesh, Alireza Bandegi, Toraj Mohammadi, and Omid Bakhtiari. (2014). “Stability and Extraction Study of Phenolic Wastewater Treatment by Supported Liquid Membrane Using Tributyl Phosphate and Sesame Oil as Liquid Membrane.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design 92 (2):375–83. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.07.023.
Kedari, C. S., S. S. Pandit, K. J. Parikh, and S. C. Tripathi. (2010). “Removal of 241Am from Aqueous Nitrate Solutions by Liquid Surfactant Membrane Containing 2-Ethylhexyl Phosphonic Acid Mono-2-Ethylhexyl Ester as Ion Carrier.” Chemosphere80(4):433–37. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.056.
Keshav, A., Kailas L. Wasewar, & Shri Chand. (2009). “Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tri-n-Octylamine, Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate and Aliquat 336 in Sunflower Oil as Diluent.” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 84 (4):484–89. doi: 10.1002/jctb.2066.
Khalil, Afiqah Tasneem Abd, Muhammad Hafiz Shah Buddin, Siti Wahidah Puasa, and Abdul Latif Ahmad. (2022). “Reuse of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as Diluent in Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane (GELM) for Zinc Extraction.” Environmental Science and Pollution 30:45244–58. doi 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1251988/v1.
Kumar, A., Avinash Thakur, & Parmjit Singh Panesar. (2018). “Stability Analysis of Environmentally Benign Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane.” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 39(10):1510–17. doi: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1421079.
Kumar, A., Avinash Thakur, & Parmjit Singh Panesar. (2019). “Extraction of Hexavalent Chromium by Environmentally Benign Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane Using Tridodecyamine as an Extractant.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 70:394–401. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.11.002.
Kuppusamy, S., Maddela, N. R., Megharaj, M., & Venkateswarlu, K. (2019). Ecological Impacts of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. In Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Environmental Fate, Toxicity, and Remediation (pp. 1–264). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6.
Manzak, Aynur, and Osman Tutkun. (2011). “The Extraction of Lactic Acid by Emulsion Type of Liquid Membranes Using Alamine 336 in Escaid 100.” Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 89(6):1458–63. doi: 10.1002/cjce.20501.
Marcus, Y. (2004). “Principles of Solubility and Solutions .” Pp. 37–91 in Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press.
Mei, Xiang, Junhui Li, Chenchen Jing, Chenhong Fang, Yang Liu, Yong Wang, Juan Liu, Shuqi Bi, Ying Chen, Yanyan Xiao, Xu Yang, Yifan Xiao, Shuai Wu, and Yang Ding. (2020). “Separation and Recovery of Phenols from an Aqueous Solution by a Green Membrane System.” Journal of Cleaner Production 251:119675. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119675.
Narayanan, Janani, and K. Palanivelu. (2008). “Recovery of Acetic Acid by Supported Liquid Membrane Using Vegetable Oils as Liquid Membrane.” Indian Journal of Chemical Technology 15:266–70.
Ng, Y. S., N. S. Jayakumar, and M. A. Hashim. (2010). “Performance Evaluation of Organic Emulsion Liquid Membrane on Phenol Removal.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 184(1–3):255–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.030.
Noah, Norul Fatiha Mohamed, Norela Jusoh, Norasikin Othman, Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman, and Nurul Asma Mohd Khairul Parker. (2018). “Development of Stable Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process via Liquid–Liquid Extraction to Treat Real Chromium from Rinse Electroplating Wastewater.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 66:231–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.034.
Orsavova, Jana, Ladislava Misurcova, Jarmila Vavra Ambrozova, Robert Vicha, and Jiri Mlcek. (2015). “Fatty Acids Composition of Vegetable Oils and Its Contribution to Dietary Energy Intake and Dependence of Cardiovascular Mortality on Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences16(6):12871–90. doi: 10.3390/ijms160612871.
Othman, N. (2006). “Selective Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Silver from Liquid Photographic Wastes.” Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Othman, Norasikin, Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah, Khoo Wei Poh, and Ooi Zing Yi. (2016). “High Performance of Chromium Recovery from Aqueous Waste Solution Using Mixture of Palm-Oil in Emulsion Liquid Membrane.” Pp. 765–73 in Procedia Engineering. Vol. 148. Elsevier Ltd.
Othman, Norasikin, Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman, Hilmi Abdul Rahman, Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah, Norela Jusoh, and Mariani Idroas. (2019). “Simultaneous Extraction and Enrichment of Reactive Dye Using Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane System.” Environmental Technology (United Kingdom) 40(11):1476–84. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1424258.
Pal, D., & Amit Keshav. (2016). “Recovery of Pyruvic Acid Using Tri-n-Butylamine Dissolved in Nontoxic Diluent (Rice et al.).” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E 97(1):81–87. doi: 10.1007/s40034-015-0066-0.
Purtika, Avinash Thakur, and Gulshan Kumar Jawa. (2022). “Comparative Study on Effect of Ionic Liquids on Static Stability of Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 644:128776. Doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128776.
Raji, Maliheh, Hossein Abolghasemi, Jaber Safdari, and Payman Davoodi-Nasab. (2020). “Neodymium Pertraction through Sunflower Oil-Based Emulsion Liquimembrane: Stability and Mass Transfer Investigation.” Desalination and Water Treatment187:333–44. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2020.25450.
Raval, A. R., Himanshu P. Kohli, & Omprakash K. Mahadwad. (2022). “A Comprehensive Review on Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane and Its Applicability Towards the Removal of Contaminants from the Aquatic Streams.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 233(9):379. doi: 10.1007/s11270-022-05849-6.
Rosly, Muhammad Bukhari, Norela Jusoh, Norasikin Othman, Hilmi Abdul Rahman, Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah, and Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman. (2019). “Effect and Optimization Parameters of Phenol Removal in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process via Fractional-Factorial Design.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design145:268–78. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.03.007.
Rosly, Muhammad Bukhari, Norela Jusoh, Norasikin Othman, Hilmi Abdul Rahman, Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman, and Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah. (2020). “Stability of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Using Bifunctional Diluent and Blended Nonionic Surfactant for Phenol Removal.” Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 148:107790. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2019.107790.
Shere, Aniruddha J., and H. Michael Cheung. (1988). “Effect of Preparation Parameters on Leakage in Liquid Surfactant Membrane Systems.” Separation Science and Technology 23(6–7):687–701. doi: 10.1080/01496398808057659.
Shi, Can, Ruijie Liu, Ming Chang, Qingzhe Jin, and Xingguo Wang. (2016). “Composition of Rice Bran Stearin from Various Refineries Across China.” JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 93(6):869–77. doi: 10.1007/s11746-016-2814-9.
Shrestha, R., Sagar Ban, S. D., Sudip Sharma, R. J., Arjun Prasad Tiwari, H. Y. K., & Mahesh Kumar Joshi. (2021). “Technological Trends in Heavy Metals Removal from Industrial Wastewater: A Review.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9(4):105688. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105688.
Sujatha, S., N. Rajamohan, S. Anbazhagan, M. Vanithasri, and M. Rajasimman. (2021a). “Extraction of Nickel Using a Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane – Process Intensification, Parameter Optimization and Artificial Neural Network Modeling.” Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification165:108444. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2021.108444.
Sujatha, S., N. Rajamohan, S. Anbazhagan, M. Vanithasri, and M. Rajasimman. (2022). “Parameter Screening, Optimization and Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Cadmium Extraction from Aqueous Solution Using Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane.”Environmental Technology and Innovation 25:102138. doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.102138.
Sujatha, S., and M. Rajasimman. (2021). “Development of a Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane Using Waste Cooking Oil as Diluent for the Extraction of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution – Screening, Optimization, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies.” Journal of Water Process Engineering 41:102055. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102055.
Sujatha, Sadana, Natarajan Rajamohan, Yasser Vasseghian, and Manivasagan Rajasimman. (2021b). “Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Value-Added Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Enhanced Extraction of Lead: Performance Evaluation and Optimization.” Chemosphere 284:131385. Doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131385.
Yaakob, Zahira, Masita Mohammad, Mohammad Alherbawi, Zahangir Alam, and Kamaruzaman Sopian. (2013). “Overview of the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil.”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18:184–93. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.016.
Yang, Jinyue, Baohong Hou, Jingkang Wang, Beiqian Tian, Jingtao Bi, Na Wang, Xin Li, and Xin Huang. (2019). “Nanomaterials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater.” Nanomaterials 9(3):1–39. doi: 10.3390/nano9030424.
Yoshida, Hiromi, Takaaki Tanigawa, Naoko Yoshida, Isoko Kuriyama, Yuka Tomiyama, and Yoshiyuki Mizushina. (2011). “Lipid Components, Fatty Acid Distributions of Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids in Rice Brans.” Food Chemistry129(2):479–84. doi 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.102.
Zereshki, Sina, Parisa Daraei, and Amin Shokri. (2018). “Application of Edible Paraffin Oil for Cationic Dye Removal from Water Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 356:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.037.
Zereshki, Sina, Amin Shokri, and Akram Karimi. (2021). “Application of a Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removing Copper from Contaminated Aqueous Solution: Extraction, Stability, and Breakage Study Using Response Surface Methodology.” Journal of Molecular Liquids 325:115251. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115251.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3)Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
