ANALISIS STANDAR SYARIAH TERHADAP PENERAPAN KONTRAK PEMBIAYAAN MUSYARAKAH DAN MUSYARAKAH MUTANAQISAH DI PERBANKAN SYARIAH
Abstract
Abstrak
Penelitian ini membahas penerapan kontrak pada pembiayaan musyarakah dan musyarakah mutanaqisah di Bank Syariah, dengan fokus pada klausul-klausul yang memberatkan nasabah dan tidak sesuai dengan prinsip musyarakah dan musyarakah mutanaqisah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi contoh salah satu kontrak pembiayaan musyarakah dan musyarakah mutanaqisah antara bank syariah dan nasabah, serta menganalisis anatomi kontrak tersebut. Penelitian juga menyoroti bahwa pasal 10-21 dalam kontrak tersebut mengatur kewajiban, jaminan, pernyataan, dan akibat cidera janji, namun tidak mencakup pembagian kerja dan kontribusi modal yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh kedua belah pihak. Pembagian keuntungan dalam kontrak ditetapkan dengan persentase tetap, bukan berdasarkan nilai realisasi pendapatan. Selanjutnya, nasabah diwajibkan untuk memberikan jaminan dan memberikan kuasa kepada bank untuk mendebet rekening nasabah guna melunasi kewajiban, yang menimbulkan aspek paksaan bagi nasabah. Semua biaya, potongan, dan pajak dibebankan sepenuhnya kepada nasabah tanpa adanya pembagian yang adil antara kedua belah pihak. Nasabah juga dibebani kewajiban untuk membayar premi asuransi atas barang jaminan mereka sendiri, yang menambah beban finansial nasabah. Selain itu, penyelesaian perselisihan dalam kontrak tidak sesuai regulasi penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi syariah, sengketa seharusnya diselesaikan melalui musyawarah mufakat dan, jika tidak mencapai kesepakatan, diselesaikan lembaga peradilan syariah, bukan Pengadilan Negeri. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya inovasi produk pembiayaan yang lebih sesuai dengan prinsip syariah dan lebih adil bagi kedua belah pihak, serta revisi kontrak pembiayaan musyarakah dan musyarakah mutanaqisah untuk memastikan kepatuhan terhadap standar syariah.
Kata Kunci: Kontrak Pembiayaan, Musyarakah, Musyarakah mutanaqisah, Standar Syariah.
Abstract
This research discusses the application of contracts in musyarakah and musyarakah mutanaqisah financing in Islamic Banks, focusing on clauses that burden customers and are not in accordance with the principles of musyarakah and musyarakah mutanaqisah. The research method used is a qualitative approach that is descriptive analysis. The research identified an example of one of the musyarakah and musyarakah mutanaqisah financing contracts between Islamic banks and customers, and analyzed the anatomy of the contract. The research also highlighted that articles 10-21 of the contract regulate obligations, guarantees, representations, and consequences of default, but do not cover the division of labor and capital contributions that should be made by both parties. Profit sharing in the contract is set at a fixed percentage, rather than based on the value of realized income. Furthermore, the customer is required to provide collateral and authorize the bank to debit the customer's account to settle the obligation, which creates a coercive aspect for the customer. All fees, deductions, and taxes are charged entirely to the customer without any fair share between the two parties. Customers are also obliged to pay insurance premiums on their own collateral, which adds to their financial burden. In addition, the settlement of disputes in the contract does not comply with sharia economic dispute resolution regulations, where disputes should be resolved through deliberation and consensus and, if no agreement is reached, resolved in sharia judicial institutions, not in the District Court. The implication of this research is the need for financing product innovation that is more in line with sharia principles and fairer for both parties, as well as revision of musyarakah and musyarakah mutanaqisah financing contracts to ensure compliance with sharia standards.
Keywords: Financing Contracts, Musyarakah, Musyarakah mutanaqisah, Sharia Standards.
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