THE INFALLIBILITY OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD PBUH. AS A HUMAN BEING (A Study of His Ijtihad)
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Abstract
This study aims at examining the concept of the infallibility of the Prophet Muhammad as a human being in general based on the context of the interpretation of the Qur’an. This study will answer the question of why the Prophet Muhammad considered infallible, even though he had made a mistake in conducting ijtihad?. This study used qualitative methods based on the critical theory paradigm and theory of semantic analysis and historical contextual. The results showed that the Prophet Muhammad considered an infallible man based on the context of the use of “basyar” term in the Qur’an. The term “basyar” is always attached to the Prophet as the recipient of revelation, so it shows that Muhammad was an infallible human being. If the Prophet makes a mistake, he will always get a reprimand from Allah. This privilege is indeed not owned by other humans. This research ultimately refutes the argument that the Prophet’s mistake in carrying out “ijtihad” shows his ineptitude as an ordinary person.
Keywords: The Ijtihad; Infallible; Muhammad as a Human Being;
الملخص
تهدف هذه المقالة لفحص مفهوم عصمة نبي الله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم كبشر بشكل عام بناء على سياق تفسير القرآن الكريم. وتركز هذه الدراسة على الإجابة لتلك القضية وهي لماذا يعتبر نبي الله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم معصومًا رغم أنه كان مخطئًا في اجتهاده؟ وتستخدم هذه الدراسة الطريقة النوعية بناء على نموذج النظرية النقدية. والنظرية التحليلية المستخدمة من خلال نظرية التحليل النحوي والسياق التاريخي. وتشير النتيجة إلى أن النظر إلي ذلك من ناحية سياق استخدام مصطلح ((البشر)) في القرآن الكريم نحو موقف النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم كبشر معصوم فإنه يظهر بدقة نوعية العصمة في مجملها؛ لأن ذلك المصطلح لا يزال مرتبطًا بوظيفته كالملتقي للوحي ((يوحى))، ولذلك كان الله سبحانه وتعالى دائما يذكره عن خطأه وهذه الخصوصية لا يملكها بشر بشكل عام. والمستفاد من هذه الدراسة وهو أن الحجة في عدم عصمة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بسبب ارتكابه الخطأ في الاجتهاد كبشر عادي مرفوض بشكل تلقائي.
الكلمات الدالة: الإ جتهاد؛ العصمة؛ محمد رسول الله صل الله عليه وسلم؛ البشر؛ القرأن و الحديث؛
Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membedah konsep kemaksuman Nabi Muhammad sebagai manusia pada umumnya berdasarkan konteks penafsiran Al-Qur’an. Kajian ini fokus untuk menjawab pertanyaan permasalahan terkait, mengapa Nabi Muhammad dianggap maksum, padahal ia pernah melakukan kekeliruan dalam berijtihad?. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif berdasarkan paradigma teori kritis. Sedangkan teori analisis yang digunakan melalui tinjauan analisis gramatikal bahasa dan kontekstual historis. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa, bila ditinjau berdasarkan konteks penggunaan term basyar di dalam Al-Qur’an terhadap posisi Nabi Muhammad sebagai manusia yang maksum, maka justru hal tersebut menunjukkan kualitas kemaksumannya secara totalitas, sebab term tersebut selalu melekat pada fungsinya sebagai penerima wahyu (yūhā), sehingga kekeliruannya senantiasa mendapatkan teguran dari Allah. Keistimewaan tersebutlah yang tidak dimiliki oleh manusia pada umumnya. Adapun implikasi dari kajian ini secara otomatis membantah argumen yang menyatakan bahwa kekeliruan ijtihad yang pernah dilakukan oleh Nabi Muhammad menunjukkan ketidak maksumannya sebagai manusia biasa.
Kata Kunci: Ijtihad; Kemaksuman; Muhammad sebagai manusia;
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