Toxicity Test of Elo (Ficus Racemosa L.) Leaf Extracts and Fractions Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Methods
Abstract
This study aims to determine the toxicity ability of the Ficus racemosa L. plant, known as the elo plant, which has been widely applied as an alternative medicine for natural ingredients. The use of natural ingredients as drug candidates is one option to increase the value of natural ingredients and become biodiversity in Indonesia. The research method used is the maceration method used to obtain leaf extract. Furthermore, the extract obtained was partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvents to obtain the leaf fraction. Qualitative tests were carried out to determine the secondary metabolite compounds. Meanwhile, the toxicity ability of elo plant extract and leaf fraction was tested using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) as an initial toxicity screening with Artemia salina Leach. Based on the results, revealed the extract and fraction of the leaves contained secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Toxicity test obtained LC50 value of leaf extract of 91.76 ppm; leaf n-hexane fraction of 220.47 ppm; leaf ethyl acetate fraction of 249.13 ppm; and leaf chloroform fraction of 338.16 ppm. Based on the LC50 value, it reveals that the leaf extract and leaf fraction of the elo plant perform toxic potency.
Downloads
References
Antonyan, A., Sharoyan, S., Harutyunyan, H., Barboni, L., Lupidi, G., & Mardanyan, S. (2016). Protection of hippocampal and islet beta cells in vitro by emodin from leaves of Rumex confertus. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 3(10), 437-444.
Dista, R., Larasati, C., Ayuningsih, S., Anggraeni, N., & Batubara, I. (2022). Formulation and Characterization of Sungkai Leaf Extract Nanoemulsion. Al-Kimia, 10(2), 192-200.
Farahani, Z. K. (2021). The effect of extraction method (ultrasonic, maceration and soxhlet) and solvent type on the extraction rate of phenolic compounds and extraction efficiency of Arctium lappa L. roots and Polygonum aviculare L. grass. Food & Health, 4(2), 28-34.
Firnanda, F., Herupradoto, E. B. A., Rahmawati, K., Kurnijasanti, R., Sukmanadi, M., & Hidajati, N. (2021). Uji Toksisitas Ektrak Buah Delima Putih (Punica granatum L.) Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Sebagai Kandidat Obat Antikanker Toxicity Testing of White Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fruit Extracts Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Method as A Candidate Of Anti-Cancer Drug. Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary, 10(2), 45-50.
Fecker, R., Buda, V., Alexa, E., Avram, S., Pavel, I. Z., Muntean, D., ... & Danciu, C. (2020). Phytochemical and biological screening of Oenothera biennis L. hydroalcoholic extract. Biomolecules, 10(6), 818.
Golla, U. R., Gajam, P. K., Mohammad, A. R., Kumar, K. A., & Raj, B. S. S. (2011). Assessment of bioactivity of Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf using brine shrimp (artemia salina) lethality assay. Pharmacologyonline, 3, 982-990.
Kusmana, C., & Hikmat, A. (2015). The biodiversity of flora in Indonesia. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 5(2), 187-198.
Marliza, H., & Oktaviani, D. (2021). Uji Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemumu (Colacasia Gigantea Hook. F) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Bencoolen Journal of Pharmacy, 1(1), 38-45.
Musyarrifah, M., Ilyas, A., & Baharuddin, M. (2014). Identifikasi Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etil Asetat Biji Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan Uji Toksisitas Terhadap Larva Udang Artemia salina Leach. Al-Kimia, 2(1), 45-51.
Parbuntari, H., Prestica, Y., Gunawan, R., Nurman, M. N., & Adella, F. (2018). Preliminary phytochemical screening (qualitative analysis) of cacao leaves (Theobroma cacao L.). EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(2), 40-45.
Permana, R., & Andhikawati, A. (2021). Secondary Metabolites Identification and Antioxidant Activity Determination of Crude Extract of Barringtonia asiatica l.(kurz) Leaves. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 8(3), 51-58.
Sharma, H., Pathak, R., Jain, S., Bhandari, M., Mishra, R., Reena, K., & Varshney, P. (2023). Ficus Racemosa L: A Review on Its Important Medicinal Uses, Phytochemicals and Biological Activities. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 213-227.
Sivakumar, P., Manimekalai, I., Sivakumari, K., & Ashok, K. (2019). Anticancer effect of fig fruit Ficus racimosa extract against human hepatocellular canrcinoma (HepG-2) cell line. Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev, 6(1), 767-783.
Stamenković, J., Đorđević, A., Stojanović, G., Mitić, V., & Petrović, G. (2021). Phytochemical analysis of volatiles and biological activities of Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. essential oils. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 86(3), 257-267.
Sukandar, D., Hermanto, S., & Lestari, E. (2009). Uji Potensi Aktivitas Anti Kanker Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia, 11(1), 32-38.
Suryani, N., Munawar, F., & Hajaroh, S. (2021). Phytochemical Screening of Active Secondary Metabolites and Antibacterial Activity Kaffir Lime Leaf (Citrus hystrix) and Tumeric Leaf (Curcuma longa Linn.) Against Escherichia coli. ALKIMIA: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan, 5(2), 150-158.
Uswatun, U., & Wijayanti, E. D. (2020). Toksisitas Akut Kombucha Daun Tin (Ficus Carica) Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (Bslt). Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ), 3(1), 11-15.
Yani, D. F., Ramadan, N., Athiah, R., Maghpiroh, A., & Sunarsih, T. (2023). UJI Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kerai Payung (Filicium decipiens) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). SPIN JURNAL KIMIA & PENDIDIKAN KIMIA, 5(1), 27-36.
Zamzami, A. D. R. A., Isnaini, I., & Yasmina, A. (2021). Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Kayu dan Daun Galam dengan Metode BSLT. Homeostasis, 4(1), 43-48.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3)Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
