Studi Ekonomi Korupsi di Beberapa Kota Indonesia

  • Angga Erlando Universitas Airlangga
    (ID)

Abstract

Persoalan korupsi nampaknya ikut memicu masalah-masalah ekonomi dan sosial, menurunkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, mengurangi minat berinvestasi, menghambat distribusi pendapatan, meningkatkan kemiskinan hingga memicu terjadinya inflasi, bahkan korupsi juga diyakini menghambat perbaikan sistem politik. Hasil penelusuran terhadap studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa penelitian berkaitan dengan determinan faktor korupsi terbagi atas tiga jenis tema besar. Hal tersebut meliputi dari perspektif ekonomi, politik, serta sosial dan budaya yang berfokus pada sampel observasi lintas negara di dunia. Sementara itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada studi ekonomi korupsi dengan mempertimbangkan faktor ekonomi seperti pertumbuhan riil, IPM, belanja pemerintah, inflasi, tingkat pengangguran terbuka, dan penerimaan pajak, yang ditengarai berdampak pada tingkat korupsi di skala wilayah yang lebih kecil yaitu daerah perkotaan. Walaupun studi ini masih cukup terbatas, karena data yang tersedia di Indonesia hanya menghasilkan formasi data panel sebanyak 56 obeservasi (14 Kota di Indonesia pada tahun 2004, 2006, 2008, dan 2010). Namun, output penelitian ini memberikan hasil yang menarik. Regresi menggunakan model Tobit yang dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa faktor ekonomi seperti pertumbuhan riil, belanja pemerintah, dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka memiliki kecenderungan dalam menaikan tingkat korupsi, yang diukur melalui Indeks Perspesi Korupsi (IPK). Sementara itu, variabel IPM berkecenderungan memberikan determinasi menurunkan tingkat korupsi, sedangkan inflasi dan penerimaan pajak daerah bukan merupakan determinan terhadap korupsi. Arah implikasi penelitian ini adalah mendukung hadirnya survei berkaitan dengan tingkat korupsi pada level daerah (kabupaten/kota) secara berkala dan konsiten, serta akselerasi lembaga pencegahan korupsi yang seharusnya ada di setiap daerah.

Kata Kunci: Faktor Ekonomi, Tingkat Korupsi (IPK), Tobit, Beberapa Kota di Indonesia.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Angga Erlando, Universitas Airlangga
Economics

References

Abed, G. T. dan Davoodi, H.R. 2000. Corruption, Structural reforms, And Economic Performance In The Transition Economies. IMF Working Paper, No 00/132, July: 1-41.

Abramo, C. W. 2008. How Much Do Perceptions of Corruption Really Tell Us ?. www.economics-ejournal.org, Vol. 2, No. 1, February: 1-56.

Agbiboa, D.E. 2012. Between Corruption and Development: The Political Economy of State Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol.108, No. 3, July: 325-345.

Aggrey, Niringiye. 2012. Determinants of Corruption at District Levels in Uganda. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 4 July: 67-72.

Aidt, T. S. 2011. The Causes Of Corruption. https://www.cesifo-group.de. Diakses Pada Tanggal 22 Oktober 2015.

Aidt, T. S. dan Dutta, J. 2008. Policy Compromises: Corruption And Regulation In A Democracy. Economics and Politics. Vol. 20, No. 3, November: 335-360.

Akça, H., Ata, A. Y., dan Karaca, C. (2012). Inflation and corruption relationship: Evidence from panel data in developed and developing countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(3), 281-295.

Akcay, Selcuk. 2006. Corruption And Human Development. Cato Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, Winter: 29-48.

Ali, M. A. dan Isse, H. S. 2003. Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison. Cato Journal, Vol. 22, No.3, July: 449-466.

Al-Marhubi, Fahim. A. 2000. Corruption and Inflation. Economics Letters, Vol. 66. No. 2, February: 199-202.

Ali, Muhammad. 1993. Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia Modern. Pustaka Amani. Jakarta

Anderson, C.J., dan Tverdova, Y.V. 2003. Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 47, No. 1, January: 91–109.

Antonakas, N. P., Giokas, A. E., & Konstantopoulos, N. 2013. Corruption in Tax Administration: Interviews with Experts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 581-589.1–589.

Asghar Muhammad 2002. Economic Stress: Main Cause of Rising Suicides Cases. Dawn, Vol. 4, No. 5, April: 1-10.

Ata, A.Yilmaz. 2009. Opportunity and Motivation of Corruption in the Framework of Institutional Economics: An Analysis on EU Countries. Economic Research Foundation Publications. Istanbul.

Ata, A. Yilmaz dan Arvas, M. Akif. 2011. Determinants Of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Data Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 13, July: 161-169.

Azfar, O. dan Gurgur, T. 2008. Police Corruption, Crime and Crime Reporting: A Simultaneous Equations Approach. NUPI WorkingPaper, Department of International Economics, No. 743, June: 1-36.

Bayar, Guzin. 2011, Causes Of corruption. Dynamic Panael Data Analysis Of Some Post Soviet Countries And East Asian Countries. The Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol. 27, No. 1, February: 77-86.

Billger, Sherrilyn M. dan Goel, Rajeev K. 2009. Do Existing Corruption Levels Matter In Controlling Corruption ?: Cross-Country Quantile Regression Estimates. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 90, No. 2, November: 299–305.

Blakely, T. A., Collings, S. C., & Atkinson, J. 2003. Unemployment and suicide. Evidence for a causal association?. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(8), 594-600.

Boboc, E. 2009. Identifying Determination Of Corruption In Health Care: A Cross-Country Analysis. Thesis in Central European University Department Of Economics. Budapest.

Bowles, R. 2000. Corruption. in B. Boudewijn and G. De Greest, eds. Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Vol. 5, The Economics of Crime and Litigation 460-491. Edward Elgar.

Braun, M. dan Di Tella, R. 2004. Inflation, Inflation Variability, and Corruption, Economics & Politics. Vol.16, No.1, 77-100.

Chang, E. C. C. 2013. A Comparative Analysis of How Corruption Erodes Institutional Trust. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9, No.1, July: 73-92.

Cimpoeru, M. V. Dan Cimpoeru, V. 2015. Budgetary Transparency-An Improving Factor for Corruption Control and Economic Performance Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 27, 579–586.

Cule, Monica dan Fulton, Murray. 2009. Business Culture And Tax Evasion: Why Corruption And The Unofficial Economy Can Persist. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol. 72, No. 3, December: 811-822.

D’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2012). Corruption, military spending and growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 591-604.

Del Monte, A. dan E. Papagni. 2001. Public Expenditure, Corruption, and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 17, No.1, March: 1-16.

Dong, Bin dan Torgler, B. 2012. Causes of corruption: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (C), April: 152–169

Dreher, A. dan Gassebner, M., 2011. Greasing the Wheels ? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on Firm Entry. Journal of Public Choice, Vol.155, No. 3, October: 413-432.

Dridi, Mohamed. 2013. Corruption and Economic Growth: The Transmission Channels. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, 121-152.

Egger, P. dan Winner, H., 2005. Evidence On Corruption As An Incentive for Foreign Direct Investment. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol.21, No. 4, December: 932–952.

Ehrlich dan Lui, 1999. Bureaucratic Corruption and Endogenous Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 107, No.6, December: 270-293.

Elbahnasawy, Nasr dan Revier, Charles F. 2012. The Determinants of Corruption: Cross-Country-Panel-Data Analysis. The Developing Economies, Vol. 50, No. 4, November: 311-333.

Franciari, P. S. dam Sugiyanto, FX. 2010. Analisis Hubungan Ipm, Kapasitas Fiskal, Dan Korupsi Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus 38 Kabupaten/Kota Di Indonesia Tahun 2008 dan 2010). Diponegoro Journal Of Economics. Vol.2, No. 2, 1-14.

Gazda, K., 2010. Does Corruption “Grease the Wheels” of Growth? Empirical Evidence from MENA Countries. Working Paper on Laboratoire d’Economie et de Finance Appliquée (LEFA) - IHEC Carthage.

Getz, K. A. dan Volkema, R. J. 2001, Culture, Perceived Corruption and Economics: Model of Predictors and Outcomes. Business and Society, Vol.40, No.1, 7-30.

Ghura. 1998. Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption. IMF Working Paper, No 98/135, September: 1-25.

Gujarati, Damodar dan Porter, Dawn C. 2012. Dasar-Dasar Ekonometrika. (Raden Carlos Mangunsong, Trans). 2009. Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba Empat. (Original Work Diterbitkan Tahun 2009).

Gupta, S., De Mello, L., & Sharan, R. (2001). Corruption and military spending. European Journal of Political Economy, 17(4), 749-777.

Henderson, J. V., & Kuncoro, A. 2006. Does Local Democratization Reduce Corruption?. m% Mimeo.

Hoa, Tran Van. 2010. Development And Corruption In Asia: A Substantive Econometric Analysis For Practical Policy Use. National Anti-Corruption Comission (NACC) Special Issue, Vol. 3, No. 2

Henisz, W. J. 2000. The Institutional Environment for Multinational Investment," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, Vol. 16. No.2, October: 334-64.

Husted, B.W. 1999. Wealth, Culture, and Corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, June: 339-359

Jain, A. K., 2001. Corruption: A Review. Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 15, No.1, January: 71-121.

Kemendikbud. 2011. Pendidikan Anti Korupsi Untuk Perguruan Tinggi. Kemendikbud RI. Jakarta.

Knack dan Keefer. 1995. Institutions And Economic Performance: Institutional Measures Cross-Country Tests Using Altern. Economics And Politcs, Vol.7, No.3, November: 207-227.

Kotera, G., Okada, K., dan Samreth, S. 2012. Government size, democracy, and corruption: An empirical investigation. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2340-2348.

Kristiansen, S., dan Ramli, M. 2006. Buying an Income: The Market for Civil Service Positions in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 28, No. 2, 207-233.

Leite, C. dan Weidmann, J. 1999. Does Mother Nature Corrupt Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth. IMF Working Paper, No. 99/85, July: 1-30.

Litina, A. dan Palivos. T. 2015. Corruption, Tax Evasion And Social Values. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, October: 1-14.

Lui, Y. dan Feng, H. 2015. Tax Structure And Corruption: Cross-Country Evidence. Public Choice, Vol. 162, No. 1, January: 57-78.

Mandescu, Ionel. 2011. Tax Evasion And Corruption In The Development Of Romania. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Vol. 4, No. 53/2, 194-200.

Mauleny, Ariesy Tri. 2011. Urgensi RUU Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa Dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Melalui Good Governance. Pusat Pengkajian, Pengolahan Data dan Informasi (P3DI) Sekretariat Jenderal DPR Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.

Mauro, P. 1995. Corruption And Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No. 3, August: 681-712.

Meon, Pierre.G. 2010. Is Corruption an Efficient Grease?. World Development, Vol. 38, No. 3, March: 244–259.

Nazir, F., Cheema, M. A., Zafar, M. I., & Batool, Z. (2009). Socio-economic Impacts of Unemployment in Urban Faisalabad, Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences, 18(3), 183-188.

Nazir, Moh. 2003. Metode Penelitian Cetakan Kelima. Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta

Neeleman J. dan Lewis G. 1999. Suicide Religion and Socioeconomic Conditions. An Ecological Study in 26 Countries, J Epidemiol Community HealthVol 1 No. 53, July: 204-210.

Nwabuzor, Augustine. 2005. Corruption and Development: New Initiatives in Economic Openness and Strengthened Rule of Law. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.59, No. 1, June: 121-138.

Nugroho, SBM. 2013. Korupsi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Dinamika Ekonomi Dan Bisnis. Vol. 1, No. 1.

Paldam, Martin. 2002. The Cross-Country Pattern Of Corruption: Economics, Culture And The Seesaw Dynamics. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 18, No. 2, June: 215–240.

Pellegrini, L. dan Gerlagh, R. 2008. Causes Of Corruption: A Survey Of Cross-Country Analyses And Extended Results. Economics of Governance, Vol. 9, No. 3, July: 245-263.

Picur, R. D. dan Belkaoui A. R. 2006. The Impact Of Bureaucracy, Corruption And Tax Compliance. Review of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, No. 2, 174-180.

Pradiptyo, R., Wirotomo, A., Hilman, R. M., & Azzani, M. (2015). Naskah Akademik Prakarsa Bulaksumur Anti Korupsi. In makalah dalam Seminar Nasional Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Korupsi yang diselenggarakan Universitas Gadjah Mada (Vol. 10)

Rahmani, T. dan Fallahi. S. 2009. Corruption, Democracy And Tax Compliance: Cross-Country Evidence, The Business & Management Review, Vol. 2 No. 2, July: 221-230.

Rehman dan Naveed. 2007. Determinants Of Corruption And Its Relation To GDP (A Panel Study). Journal of Political Studies, Vol. XII, Winter: 27-59.

Rivayani. 2008. Corruption in Indonesia: Does Grease Hypothesis Hold ?. Discussion Paper on International Conference on Applied Economics.

Rock, M. T. dan Bonnett, Heidi. 2004. The Comparative Politics of Corruption: Accounting for the East Asian Paradox in Empirical Studies of Corruption, Growth and Investment. World Development Vol. 32, No. 6, 999–1017.

Rose, R. dan Mishler, W. 2010. Experience Versus Perception Of Corruption: Russia As A Test Case. Global Crime. Vol. 11, No. 2, May: 145-163.

Saha, S. dan Gounder, R. (2008) Causes Of Economic Corruption, Implication For India. 18th Annual Conference On Contemporary Issues In Development Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata.

Salih, M. A. R. 2013. The Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Probabilistic Approach. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, Vol. 3, No.3, May: 155-169.

Samimi, A. J., Abedini, M., & Abdollahi, M. (2012). Corruption and inflation tax in selected developing countries. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 11(3), 391-395.

Seligson, M. A. 2002. The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four LatinAmerican Countries. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 2, May: 408-433.

Sena, V. dan Martianova, N., 2008. Corruption And Foreign Direct Investment In Russian Regions. Unpublished Working Paper, Aston Business School, United Kingdom.

Sugiyono. 2012. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta. Bandung

Svensson, Jacob. 2005. Eight Questions about Corruption. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 3, Summer: 19–42.

Tanzi, V. 1998. Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures. Staff Papers – International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45, No.4: 559-594.

Tanzi, V. dan Davoodi, H.R. 2000. Corruption, Growth, and Public Finances. IMF Working Paper, No. 00/182, November: 1-27.

Ticky, N. L. 2010. The Causes Of Corruption: Explaining The High Levels Of Corruption In Developing Countries. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy In Political Science, 1-134.

Tobin, J. 1958. Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 24-36.

Tosun, M. U. 2002. A Public Failure Product: Corruption and Efficient State, Ankara Chamber of Commerce Publication. Ankara.

Triesman, Daniel. 2000. The Causes Of Corruption: A Cross-National Study. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.76, No.3, June: 399–457.

Touati, K. 2014. Determinants of Economic Corruption in the Arab Countries: Dangers and Remedies. Journal of Economics Studies and Research. Vol. 1, No. 14. July: 1-15.

Wei, S. J. 2000. How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors ?. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 82, No 1, February: 1-11.

Wei S. J., dan Javorcik B. S. 2002. Corruption and Cross-Border Investment: Firm Level Evidence. William Davidson Institute Working Paper, No. 494. October:1-2.

Published
2019-12-16
How to Cite
Erlando, A. (2019). Studi Ekonomi Korupsi di Beberapa Kota Indonesia. EcceS: Economics Social and Development Studies, 6(2), 130-151. https://doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v6i2.10989
Section
Volume 6 Nomor 2, Desember 2019
Abstract viewed = 772 times