Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Aglomerasi, dan Modal Manusia Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Antar Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat
Abstract
Kondisi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pendapatan di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat selama 10 tahun terakhir mengalami tren perkembangan yang fluktuatif. Beberapa daerah di Kabupaten/Kota memperlihatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang meningkat diikuti dengan gini rasio yang meningkat, namun ada juga penurunan pertumbuhan ekonomi diikuti dengan penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan. Ini mengindikasikan bahwa daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat masih mengalami tingkat kesejahteraan yang belum merata. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, aglomerasi, dan modal manusia terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Analisis data menggunakan regresi data panel selama kurun waktu 2013-2017 dan data cross section 14 Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dari regresi data panel pendekatan fixed effect ditemukan bahwa secara parsial variabel pertumbuhan ekonomi berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan, variabel aglomerasi berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan, sedangkan variabel modal manusia yang diproksi dengan IPM berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan antar Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Variabel pertumbuhan ekonomi, aglomerasi dan modal manusia secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan antar Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Perlu adanya penyediaan pelayanan publik agar kesenjangan antar daerah kota dan kabupaten tidak semakin lebar. Tujuan pembangunan tidak semata berorientasi pada mengejar pertumbuhan yang tinggi tetapi juga harus mempertimbangkan pemerataan dan kesejahteraan.
Kata kunci: Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Aglomerasi, dan Modal Manusia.
Downloads
References
Akhmad, Alyas, & Amir. 2018. The Effect Of Economic Growth And Income Inequality On
Poverty In Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e- ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925. Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul – Aug. 2018), PP 20-26
Alawin, M., Siam, A., & Al-Hamdi, M. 2013. The relationship between economic growth and income distribution in Jordan, International Management Review, 9(2), 25-26.
Alvan, Arzu. 2007. Forging a Link Between Human Development and Income Inequality: CrossCountry Evidence. Review of Social, Economic and Business Studies, Vol.7/8, 31-43.
Amri, Khairul. 2017. Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Ketimpangan Pendapatan : Panel Data 8 Provinsi di Sematera. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manemen Teknologi, 1(1), 2017, 1-11.
Arbia. G. Laura de Dominicis. Gianfranco Piras. 2005. Regional Growth and Regional Inequality in EU and Transition Countries: a Spatial Econometric Approach. 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association 23-27 August 2005. Amsterdam.
Badan Pusat Statistik. PDRB Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Kalimantan Barat 2013-2017. BPS Kalimantan Barat.
Badan Pusat Statistik. Berbagai Penerbitan. Kalimantan Barat Dalan Angka. BPS Kalimanan Barat.
Badriah, Lilis Siti, Herman Sambodo & Irma Suryahan. 2006. Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan Dan Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhinya Di Kabupaten Purbalingga. EKO-REGIONAL, Vol 1, No.2, September 2006.
Baharuddin, A. H., Ismail, R. A. G., & Ghani, N. H. M. 2016. Economic growth and disparity issues in income and education: A causal enquiry on ASEAN Countries, Institution and Economies. 8(3), 1-36.
Becker, G. S. and Chiswick, B. R. 1966. Education and the distribution of earnings.
American Economic Review 56 (2): 358–369.
Binatli, A. O. 2012. Growth and income inequality: a comparative analysis. Economics Research International.
Bonet, Jaime. 2006. Fiscal Decentralization and Regional Income Disparities: Evidence From The Colombian Experience. The Annals of Regional Science, 2006, vol. 40, issue 3, 661-676.
Charles-Coll, J. A. 2013. The debat over the relationship between income inequality and economic growth: Does inequality matter for growth?. Research in Applied Economics, 5(2),1-18.
Castells-Quintana, David. 2015. Concentration of resources and economic development: An empirical overview. REGION, ISSN 2409-5370, European Regional Science Association
(ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve, Vol. 2, Iss. 1, pp. Y17-Y25.
Chambers, D. 2010. Does a rising tide raise all ships? the impact of growth on inequality. Applied Economics Letters, 17(6), 581–586.
Creswell, J. W. 2016. Research Design Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Campuran (Edisi Ke-6). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Das, S., Sinha, G., & Mitra, T. K. (2014). Economic growth and income inequality: examining the links in indian economy, Journal of Quantitative Economics, 12(1), 86-95.
North, Douglas. C. 1955. Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth. Journal of Political, Vol. LXIII, pp.243-258.
Frazer, G. 2006. Inequality and Development Across and Within Countries. World Development, 34 (9), 1459–1481.
Ferdinand, Niyimbanira. 2017. Analysis of the Impact of Economic Growth on
Income Inequality and Poverty in South Africa: The Case of Mpumalanga
Province. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2017, 7(4), 254-261.
Geppert, K., & Stephan, A. 2008. Regional disparities in the European Union: Convergence and Agglomeration. Regional Science Association International, 87(2), 193–217.
Gujarati, Damodar. 2003. Ekonomimetrika Dasar, Erlangga, Jakarta.
Hassan, S. A., Zaman K., & Gul, S. 2015. The relationship between growthinequality-poverty triangle and environmental degradation: unveiing the reality, Arab Economics and Business Journal, 10, 57-71.
Ha, Minh Nguyen, Le, Dang Nguyen, & Trung-Kien, Pham. 2019. The Impact Of Urbanization On Income Inequality: A Study In Vietnam. Journal of Risk and Financial Management.
Kuncoro, Mudrajad. 2004. Otonomi dan Pembangunan Daerah : Reformasi, Perencanaan, Strategi dan Peluang. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Kurniasih, Erni Panca. 2013. Ketimpangan Wilayah di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat
Suatu Kajian terhadap Hipotesis Kuznet. Jurnal Eksos. Volume 9, Nomor 1, Februari 2013. Hlm. 36-48. ISSN 1693 – 9093.
Kurniawan, Benedictus Riandoko Adi & Sugiyanto, FX. 2013. Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Share Sektor Industri Dan Pertanian Serta Tingkat Jumlah Orang Yang Bekerja Terhadap Ketimpangan Wilayah Antar Kabupaten/Kota Di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2002-2010. Diponegoro Journal Of Economics. Volume 2, Nomor 1, Halaman 1 - 14
Kuznets, Simon. 1955. Economic Growth and Inequality. The American Economic Review, Vol 63 (3), pp.247-258.
Lee, Jong-Wha, & Lee, Hano. 2018. Human Capital And Income Inequality. ADBI Working Paper Series. 810. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
Lundberg, M. and Squire, L. 2003. The simultaneous evolution of growth and inequality. The Economic Journal, 113(487), 326–344.
Mincer, J. 1970. The distribution of labor incomes: A survey with special reference to the
human capital approach. Journal of Economic Literature 8 (1): 1–26.
Mincer, J. A. 1974. Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. Cambridge, MA: National
Bureau of Economic Research.
Mukhlis, I., & Simanjuntak, T. M. 2016. The Nexus of Economic Factors and Poverty in The Region’s Economy. International Journal of Management Science, 7(1), 14–20.
Mukhlis, Imam, Isnawati Hidayah & Sariyani. 2018. Economic Agglomeration, Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Regional Economies. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(2) 2018, 205-212.
Nissim, B. D. 2007. Economic growth and its effect on income distribution. Journal of Economic Studies, 34(1), 42–58.
Putri Yosi Eka, Amar, Syamsul & Aimon, Hasdi. 2015. Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Ketimpangan Pendapatan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi. Vol. 3 No. 6 .
Panizza, Ugo. 2002. Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from American Data. Journal of Economic Growth. Vol. 7 (1). pp. 25-41.
Risso, W. A., & Carrera, E. J. S. 2012. Inequality and economic growth in China, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 5(2), 80-90.
Rubin, A. and Segal, D. 2015. The effects of economic growth on income inequality in the US. Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258–273.
Sabir, Ahmad Erani Yustika, Susilo, Maskie. 2015. Local Government Expenditure,
Economic Growth, and Income Inequality in South Sulawesi Province. Journal of Applied Economics and Business. Vol.3, Issue 2-June, 2015, PP.61-73.
Sjafrizal. 2008. Ekonomi Regional Teori dan Aplikasi. Baduose Media. Padang Sumatera Barat.
Sjafrizal. 2017. Ekonomi Wilayah dan Perkotaan. Edisi.1, Cetakan Ke-3. Jakarta : Rajawali Pers.
Sjafrizal. 2018. Analisis Ekonomi Regional dan Penerapannya di Indonesia. Edisi 1. Cetakan Ke-1, Depok : PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Samsir, Andi, & Rahman, Abdul. 2018. Menelusur Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan Kabupaten dan Kota. Jurnal Ecces. Economics, Social, and Development Studies. Volume 5 Nomor1 Ed.Juni 2018 : page : 22- 42 . p-ISSN: 2407-6635 e-ISSN : 2580-5570.
Thomas V. 2009. Income disparity and growth. Global Journal of Emerging Market
Economies, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1 January 2009, Pages 63-86.
Trimurti, Christimulia Purnama, Komalawati, & Mertayasa, I Gede Agus. 2018. Determinan Ketimpangan Pendapatan Di Provinsi Bali. Prosiding Sintesa. ISBN: 978-602-53420-0-4.
Turnovsky, S. J. 2015. Economic growth and inequality: the role of public investment, Journal of Economic Dynamic & Control, 61,204-221.
Wahiba, N. F. and El-Weriemmi, M. 2014. The relationship between economic growth and income inequality. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(1):135–143.
Wibowo, Tri. 2012. Ketimpangan Pendapatan dan Middle Income Trap
Income Inequality and Middle Income Trap. Kajian Ekonomi & Keuangan Vol. 20 No. 2 (Agustus 2016).
Yang, Y., & Greaney, T. M. 2016. Economic Growth and Income Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Comparative Study of China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States, Journal of Asian Economics.
Yusica, Liling Vera, Nazaruddin Malik, dan Arifin, Zaenal. 2018. Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Aglomerasi Dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terhadap Ketimpangan Antar Wilayah Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Vol 2 Jilid 2/Tahun 2018 Hal. 230 – 240.
