نظام القافية ودوره في نشأة المعاجم اللغوية العربية / THE RHYME SYSTEM AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABIC DICTIONARY
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Abstract
من المتفق عليه أنه لا يوجد على وجه الأرض أي إنسان يحيط بمفردات اللغة المعينة مهما كان واسع الاطلاع، وبسبب ذلك يحتاج الناس إلى المعاجم التي تضم عددا كبيرا من المفردات ليعودوا إليها إذا استغلق عليهم لفظ أو أكثر. وفكرة المعاجم عند العرب بدأت بعد نزول القرآن، واشتدت الحاجة إليها عند دخول كثير من غير العرب في الإسلام، فأخذ العلماء يؤلفون المعاجم بأنواعها المتعددة وبطرق ترتيبها المختلفة. ومن بين هذه الطرق نظام القافية وهو ترتيب الكلمات حسب حروفها الأخيرة، ورائد هذا النظام هو الجوهري الذي اختار هذه الطريقة لتسهيل استخدام المعاجم نظرا إلى قلة التغيرات التي حدثت في الحروف الأخيرة. وفي هذا البحث المتواضع نحاول الكشف عن مضمون هذا النظام وتاريخه، والمعاجم التي اتبعت هذا النظام. ثم نحاول الكشف عن دور لعب هذا النظام في نشأة المعاجم اللغوية العربية، فوجدنا أن الاستفادة من المعاجم تكون في متناول الناس بعد ظهور هذا النظام. وسار هذا البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، ونعتمد على قراءة عدة الكتب المتعلقة بتاريخ المعاجم العربية وطرق ترتيبها.
الكلمات الأساسية: المفردات، المعاجم، طرق الترتيب، نظام القافية
ABSTRACT
It is well known that no one on this earth can master the entire vocabulary of a language, even if he or she is knowledgeable. Therefore, humans need the existence of a dictionary that contains a very large number of vocabularies which is used as a reference when there is a word or more whose meaning is not known. The concept of a dictionary in the Arabs began to exist after the revelation of the Qur'an, the need for a dictionary grew stronger when many non-Arabs embraced Islam, so the scholars began compiling dictionaries of various types and with different methods of preparation. Among the compilation methods, there is a method called nizam al-qafiyah, which is the arrangement based on the last letter. The initiator of this method is al-jauhari who chose to use this method to facilitate the use of the dictionary by considering the least changes that occur in the last letter. The researchers reveal the substance of this method, along with its history, and other dictionaries that also use it. The researchers found that the use of dictionaries became easier with the advent of this compilation method. This research uses descriptive analysis method, data is collected through reading books related to the history of Arabic dictionaries and methods of preparation.
Keywords: vocabulary, dictionary, drafting method, nizam al-qafiyah.
ABSTRAK
Telah diketahui bersama bahwa tidak ada seorang pun di muka bumi ini yang menguasai seluruh kosakata sebuah bahasa, walaupun dia berpengetahuan luas. Oleh karena itu manusia membutuhkan keberadaan kamus yang berisi kosakata dengan jumlah yang sangat banyak yang dijadikan rujukan ketika ada sebuah kata atau lebih yang tidak diketahui artinya. Konsep kamus pada bangsa Arab mulai ada setelah diturunkannya Al-Qur’an, kebutuhan terhadap kamus semakin menguat ketika banyak orang non-Arab yang memeluk Islam, maka para ulama mulai menyusun kamus dengan beragam jenis dan dengan metode penyusunan yang berbeda-beda. Di antara metode penyusunan tersebut terdapat metode yang dinamakan dengan nizam al-qafiyah , yaitu penyusunan berdasarkan huruf terakhir. Penggagas metode ini adalah al-jauhari yang memilih menggunakan metode ini untuk mempermudah penggunaan kamus dengan pertimbangan sedikitnya perubahan yang terjadi pada huruf terakhir. Peneliti mengungkap substansi dari metode ini, beserta sejarahnya, dan kamus-kamus lain yang juga menggunakannya. Peneliti menemukan bahwa penggunaan kamus menjadi lebih mudah dengan munculnya metode penyusunan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif, data dikumpulkan melalui bacaan buku-buku yang berhubungan dengan sejarah kamus bahasa Arab dan metode penyusunannya.
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