Diaspora and Implementation of Sheikh Yusuf al-Makassarī’s Religious Moderation Teachings in South Sulawesi and Kalimantan
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sheikh Yusuf al-Makassarī (1626-1699) is a worldwide figure from Gowa-Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, a reformer in the Islamic mystical world and a moderate ṣứfī whose teachings spread among his followers up today. This research investigates the diaspora and dissemination of Sheikh Yusuf al-Makassarī’s teachings on religious moderation in South Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Employing a qualitative descriptive method and a phenomenological approach, the study seeks to elucidate the process of diaspora development, assess the perceptions of al- Makassarī’s followers, especially Ṭarīqa Khalwatiyya Yusufiyya followers regarding religious moderation, and analyze the implementation of his teachings. The findings of this research reveal that the diaspora of al-Makassarī’s religious moderation teachings has emanated and proliferated from Gowa through three teachers (murshids) and his descendants (1940s-2022), notably Sheikh K.H. Sahib Sultan (d.2022), and his parents across South Sulawesi and Kalimantan, extending even to the entirety of the archipelago. Throughout four to five generations, the diaspora has become entrenched through these murshids. While a significant portion of al-Makassarī’s followers may remain unfamiliar with the term "religious moderation," his teachings have been effectively implemented, resulting in improved social well-being, enhanced safety, and increased tranquility. Notably, these adherents distance themselves from any form of religious extremism. This research underscores the substantial impact of the ṣūfī Order (Ṭarīqa) in mitigating radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Consequently, understanding and practicing al-Makassari’s teachings on religious moderation emerge as crucial for fostering a safer, more prosperous, and peaceful future for Indonesians.
الملخص
الشيخ يوسف المكساري (1626-1699) شخص مشهور عالمياً من غووا مكسار، سولاويسي الجنوبية، إندونيسيا، مجدّد في عالم التصوف الإسلامي، وصوفي وصطي تنتشر تعاليمه بين أتباعه حتى اليوم. هذا البحث يركز على انتشار وتنفيذ تعاليم الوسطية الدينية للشيخ يوسف المكاسري في سولاويسي الجنوبية وكاليمانتان. ويستخدم الباحثون فيه منهجًا نوعيًا وصفيًا ومدخلا ظاهريًا لمعرفة العملية في تطوير الانتشار، وتقييم تصور أتباع المكاسري، خاصة أتباع الطريقة الخلوتية يوسوفية حول الوسطية الدينية وتحليل تنفيذ تعاليمه. أظهرت النتائج على أن تعاليم الوسطية الدينية للمكاسري قد تم تطوير وانتشارها من غووا من قبل ثلاثة مرشد وأحفادهم (1940-2022)، وخاصة الشيخ الحاج صاحب سلطان (المتوفى سنة 2022) مع والديه في جميع أنحاء سولاويسي الجنوبية وكاليمانتان، وحتى في جميع أنحاء الأرخبيل نوسانتارا. من خلال هؤلاء المرشدين الثلاث، قد بلغ تطور الانتشار مابين أربعة إلى خمسة أجيال. على الرغم من أن معظم أتباعه لا يزالون غير معتادين على مصطلح الوسطية الدينية، إلا أن تعاليم المكاسري قد تم تنفذها جيدا بشكل عام، وتجعل حياتهم الاجتماعية أفضل في رفع الرفاهية الاجتماعية والأمن والاطمئنان. إنهم بعيدون عن أن يكونوا فوضويين. هذا البحث يركز على الأثر الجوهري للطريقة الصوفية في درء التطرف والإرهابية في إندونيسيا. فمن المهم معرفة وممارسة تعاليم الوسطية الدينية للمكاسري حتى يتمكن الشعب الإندونيسي من العيش بأمان ورخاء وسلام.
الكلمة الرئيسية: تعاليم الوسطية الدينية، انتشار، تنفيذ، الشيخ يوسف المكسري
Abstrak
Syeikh Yusuf al-Makassarī (1626-1699) adalah seorang tokoh terkenal dunia, seorang pembaru dalam dunia mistik Islam sekaligus seorang shứfī moderat yang ajarannya tersebar di kalangan para pengikutnya hingga saat ini. Penelitian ini menyelidiki diaspora dan penyebaran ajaran Syekh Yusuf al-Makassarī tentang moderasi beragama di Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan pendekatan fenomenologis, penelitian ini berupaya menjelaskan proses perkembangan diaspora, menilai persepsi pengikut al-Makassarī, khususnya pengikut Tariqat Khalwatiyyah Yusufiyyah mengenai moderasi beragama, dan menganalisis implementasi ajarannya. Temuan penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa diaspora ajaran moderasi beragama al-Makassarī terpancar dan menjamur dari Gowa melalui tiga orang guru (mursyid) dan keturunannya (1940-an-2022), khususnya Syeikh K.H. Sahib Sultan (w. 2022), dan kedua orang tuanya hingga tersebar melintasi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan, bahkan hingga ke seluruh nusantara. Selama empat hingga lima generasi, diaspora telah mengakar melalui para mursyid ini. Meskipun sebagian besar pengikut al-Makassarī mungkin masih asing dengan istilah "moderasi beragama", ajarannya telah diterapkan secara efektif, sehingga menghasilkan peningkatan kesejahteraan sosial, peningkatan keamanan, dan peningkatan ketenangan. Khususnya, para penganutnya menjauhkan diri dari segala bentuk ekstremisme agama. Penelitian ini menggarisbawahi dampak substansial Tarekat ṣūfī (Ṭarīqa) dalam mitigasi atau mengurangi resiko radikalisme dan terorisme di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, memahami dan mengamalkan ajaran al-Makassarī tentang moderasi beragama menjadi hal yang penting untuk menciptakan masa depan yang lebih aman, sejahtera, dan damai bagi masyarakat Indonesia.
Kata Kunci : Ajaran Moderasi Beragama; Diaspora; Implementasi; Syekh Yusuf al-Makassarī
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE STATEMENT
COPYRIGHT
Jurnal Adabiyah is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license. Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restriction to their work. Users may read, download, copy, distribute, and print the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
LICENSE TO PUBLISH
1. License
The use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the users are free to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content for any purpose, even commercially, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the corresponding author warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this statement.
5. Miscellaneous
Jurnal Adabiyah may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage that it deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers.
References
Alhusni, Dody Sulistio and Edi Kurniawan. PERSINGGUNGAN TASAWUF DAN HADIS DI NEGERI BAWAH ANGIN PADA ABAD KE-17: Telaah Shurūṭ al-ʻārif al-Muḥaqqiq Karya Syaikh Yusuf al-Makassar.Tajdid 22 No. 1 (2023). https://tajdid.uinjambi.ac.id/.
Al-Makassarī’s Mushid and Followers, (Khalwatiyya Yusufiyya Order). “Personal Communication (Interviews).” In South Sulawesi and Kalimantan, 2022.
Al-Makassarī’s Followers, (Khalwatiyya Yusufiyya Order). “Personal Communication (Interviews).” In South Sulawesi and Kalimantan, 2022
Al-Makassarῑ, S.Y. “Al-Fawā’ih Al-Yūsufiyya Fī Bayān Taḥqīq Al-Ṣūfiyya [The Utterances of Yūsufiyya [Based on Shaykh Yūsuf] in Explaining the Verification of the Ṣūfīs].” In Jakarta Manuscript A 108 [6]. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasioanal (National Library), n.d.
———. “Al-Nafḥat Al-Saylāniyya [Providential Gift: A Breeze from Ceylon or the Fragrance of Ceylon].” In Jakarta Manuscript A 101 [1]. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasioanal (National Library), n.d.
———. “Kaifiyyat Al-Nafī Wa Al-Ithbāt Bi Al-Ḥadīth Al-Qudsī [The Way of Negation and Affirmation (Dhikr) via the Ḥadῑth Qudsῑ].” In Jakarta Manuscript A 108 [7]. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasioanal (National Library), n.d.
———. “Qurrat Al-‘Ayn [Consolation for the Eyes].” In Leiden Arabic Manuscript Or 7025 [4], and Jakarta Manuscript A 101 [3]. Leiden and Jakarta: Universiteitsbibliotheek and National Library, n.d.
———. “Sirr Al-Asrār [The Secret of Secrets].” In Leiden Arabic Manuscripts Or 5706: 3-17 as Well as Or 7025 [3]: 67-104, and Jakarta Manuscript A 101 [8] and Jakarta Manuscript A 108 [10]. Leiden and Jakarta: Universiteitsbibliotheek and National Library, n.d.
———. “Tuḥfat Al-Abrār Li Ahl Al-Asrār [The Gift of the Good Ones to the People of Secrets or the Gift of the Pious to the People of Secrets].” In Jakarta Manuscript A 101 [9]. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasioanal (National Library), n.d.
———. “Zubdat Al-Asrār Fī Taḥqīq Ba‘ḍi Mashārib Al-Akhyār [The Essence of Secrets in Investigating Some Drinking Places of the Chosen Ones].” In Leiden Arabic Manuscript Or 7025 [2]; and Jakarta Manuscript A 101 [2]; Jakarta Manuscript A 108 [32] and; Jakarta Manuscript A 45 [2]. Leiden and Jakarta: Universiteitsbibliotheek and National Library, n.d.
———.. “Maṭālib Al-Sālikīn [The Quest of the Spiritual Seekers].” In Jakarta Manuscript A 101 [7] and Manuscript A 108 [3]. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasioanal (National Library), n.d.
———. “Ṣūra [The Image (of Tawḥīd)].” In Jakarta Manuscript A 108 [24a]. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasioanal (National Library), n.d.
Amri Tajuddin, Muh, Wahdatun Nisa, H A M Rifaddin, Harapan Baru, Kec Loa Janan Ilir, Kota Samarinda, and Kalimantan Timur. “Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Religious Moderation through Traditional Islamic Education Based on Kitab Kuning Literacy at Pesantren Ma’had Aly in South Sulawesi.” Jurnal Adabiyah 23, no. 63 (n.d.): 92113. https://doi.org/ 10.24252/jad.v23i2a7.
Azra, Asyumardi. Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah Dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII & XVIII. Akar Pembaruan Islam Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana, 2007.
———. “The Transmission of Islamic Reformism to Indonesian: Networks of Middle Eastern Malay-Indonesian ‘Ulama’ in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” Columbia University, UMI, 1992.
———. “Shaykh Muhammad Yusuf Al-Makassarī (1037-1111/1627-99) Scholarly and Religio-Political Networks.” In Evaluating Shaykh Yusuf Al-Makassari and Imam Ábdullah Tidore’s Ideational Teachings, Reinforcing Indonesia-South Africa’s Relations, edited by Mohammed and Ardhya Erlangga Arby Haron, 47–76. Pretoria, South Africa: the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, 949 Francis Baard Street, Pretoria, South Africa., 2021.
Bruinessen, Martin. Van. Kitab Kuning, Pesantren Dan Tarekat, Tradisi-Tradisi Islam Di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan, 1995.
———. Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan, 1992.
Calla (one of al-Makassarī’s followers and an elder in Tompobulu). “Personal Communication (Interview),” 2022.
Ceccagno, Antonella, and Mette Thunø. “Digitized Diaspora Governance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: China’s Diaspora Mobilization and Chinese Migrant Responses in Italy.” Global Networks 23, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12389.
Dadoo, Yousuf. “Shaykh Yusuf’s Al-Nafḥa Al-Saylaniyya Fi l-Minḥa Al-Raḥmaniyya: A Fountain of Spiritual Values.” In Evaluating Shaykh Yusuf Al-Makassari and Imam Ábdullah Tidore’s Ideational Teachings, Reinforcing Indonesia-South Africa’s Relations., edited by Muhammed and Ardiya Erlangga Arby Haron, 130–46. Pretoria, South Africa: the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, 949 Francis Baard Street, Pretoria, South Africa., 2021.
Dangor, Suleman Essop. “Themes in Select Sufi Texts.” In Evaluating Shaykh Yusuf Al-Makassari and Imam Ábdullah Tidore’s Ideational Teachings, Reinforcing Indonesia-South Africa’s Relations, edited by Muhammed and Ardhya Erlangga Arby Haron, 147–63. Pretoria, South Africa: the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, 949 Francis Baard Street, Pretoria, South Africa., 2021.
Hadarah, Hadarah and A. Ghani. “The Implementation of Tariqa Naqshbandiyah’s Sufism Values in South Celebes.” JSSER (Journal of Social Studies Education Research) 10 No. 2 (2019): 243–69. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/216604//.
Indainanto, Yofiendi Indah, Maulana Andinata Dalimunthe, Hasan Sazali, Rubino, and Syukur Kholil. “Islamic Communication in Voicing Religious Moderation as an Effort to Prevent Conflicts of Differences in Beliefs.” Pharos Journal of Theology 104, no. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.104.415.
Karayianni, Eva, Elias Hadjielias, and Loukas Glyptis. “Family across Borders Social Capital and Diaspora Entrepreneurial Preparedness.” Journal of Enterprising Communities 17, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-03-2020-0030.
Kemenag. “Moderasi Beragama.” Kab. Purbalingga, 2011. http://purbalingga.kemenag.go.id/berita/ read/moderasi-beragama.
Krg.Nompo, Sheikh K.H. Sahib Sultan. “Personal Communication (Interview),” 2022.
———, Sheikh K.H. Sahib Sultan. “Personal Communication (Interview),” 2020
———, Sheikh K.H. Sahib Sultan. Awrād (Wirid-Wirid/Litanies) Khalwatiyat al-Yusufiiyya. Unpublished book. 2019/2020
Kustati, Martin, Ristapawa Indra, Efendi, Mahyudin Ritonga, Nelmawarni, Yulia, and Awis Karni. “The Effect of National Insight and Religious Moderation on Radical Behavior of Secondary School Students.” Education Research International 2023 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2919611.
Latif, Muhaemin. “EXPLORING THE PRINCIPAL TEACHINGS OF KHALWATIAH SYEKH YUSUF TARIQAH IN SOUTH SULAWESI.” JICSA (Journal of Islamic Civilization in Southeast Asia) 09 No.1, no. 101–123 (2020). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343131371.
Lubis, Nabilah. “Min A‘lāmi Indūnīsīya: Al-Shaykh Yūsuf Al-Makassarī (1626-1699).” Studia Islamika, 1994. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v1i3.852.
———. Syeikh Yusuf Al-Taj Al-Makassari. Menyingkap Intisari Segala Rahasia. Bandung: Fakultas Sastera Universitas Indonesia & Ecole Franchaice of Extrёme Orient Mizan, 1996.
Mamat, Ismail. “Tasawuf’s Thought of Sheikh Yusuf Al-Makassari.” Al-Itqam No.2, no. Special Issue (2020): 81–91.
Manzenreiter, Wolfram. “Living under More than One Sun: The Nikkei Diaspora in the Americas.” Contemporary Japan 29, no. 2 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/18692729.2017.1351045.
Moustakas, Clarck E. Phenomenological Research Method. Siage Publication, 1994.
Mulyana, Rohmat. “Religious Moderation in Islamic Religious Educatiotextbook and Implementation in Indonesia.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 79, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.4102/HTS.V79I1.8592.
Naim, Ngainun, Abdul Aziz, and Teguh Teguh. “Integration of Madrasah Diniyah Learning Systems for Strengthening Religious Moderation in Indonesian Universities.” International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education 11, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i1.22210.
Nasir, Muhammad, and Muhammad Khairul Rijal. “Keeping the Middle Path: Mainstreaming Religious Moderation through Islamic Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 11, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v11i2.213-241.
Ninh, Thien Huong. “Holy Mothers in the Vietnamese Diaspora: Refugees, Community, and Nation.” Religions 9, no. 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9080233.
Sahib, Muzdalifah. “Shaykh Yūsuf Al-Maqassarī’s Literary Contribution with Special Attention to His Maṭālib Al-Sālikīn [The Quests of the Spiritual Seekers].” South Africa, 2019.
———. “Tawhid Impeccable Lustre: Essential Teaching of Sheikh Yusuf in Evaluating Sheikh Yusuf Al-Makassari and Imam ‘Abdullah Tidore’s Ideational Teachings. Reinforcing Indonesia-South Africa’s Education.” edited by Mohammed and Arby Ardhya Erlangga Haron, 112–29. Pretoria, South Africa: The Embassy of of the Republic of Indonesia, 949, Francis Board Street, Pretoria, 2021.
Solahudin, Deni, Ela Komala, Uus Ruswandi, and Bambang Syamsul Arifin. “Implementation of Religious Moderation Values in the Learning of Islamic Education.” Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education 7, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v7i1.331.
Some People of Tarakan Islands and Samarinda Seberang as well as al-Makassarī’s Followers. “Personal Communication (Interviews),” 2022.
Staff, Some of the villages and sub-districts. “Personal Communication (Interviews),” 2022
Sultan. Sahib. Allah and the Way for Approaching God in Sheikh Yusuf’s Conception. Makassar: YAPMA, 2008.
———. Syeikh Yūsuf, Riwayat, Karya dan Ajarannya. Makassar: Almahasin, 2015.
Tedeschi, Miriam, Ekaterina Vorobeva, and Jussi S. Jauhiainen. “Transnationalism: Current Debates and New Perspectives.” GeoJournal 87, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10271-8.
Upvall, Michele J., and Annette M. Bourgault. “De-Implementation: A Concept Analysis.” Nursing Forum, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12256.
Vertovec, Steven. “Three Meanings of ‘Diaspora,’ Exemplified among South Asian Religions.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, no. 3 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1997.0010.