Challenging Islamophobia by Action (An Overview of the Islamic Activist Movement in America from A Fiqh Aqalliyāt Perspective)

  • Subehan Khalik Faculty of Sharia and Law, State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar, Jl. Sultan Alauddin No.63, Romangpolong, Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
    (ID) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1495-6965
  • Mohamad Khadafi Hj Rofie Universiti Utara Malaysia, College of Arts and Sciences Bahasa, Tamadun dan Falsafah
    (MY)
  • Ummi Farhah Usman Department of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    (MY)
  • Nur Wulan Rohimah Faculty of Sharia and Law, State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar, Jl. Sultan Alauddin No.63, Romangpolong, Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
    (ID)
Keywords: Islamophobia, Minority, Fiqh al-Aqalliyāt, Non-muslim

Abstract

The issue of Islamophobia and the treatment of minorities is deeply rooted in the culture of Muslim societies. Throughout history, Islamic constitutional law has focused on the treatment of minority groups. However, the meaning of "minority" has evolved and shifted from referring to non-Muslim minority groups to Muslim minority groups. This research employs a qualitative methodology with an Islamic law and legal sociology approach, relying on empirical data. The article aims to emphasize the need for reassessing "minorities" and setting new standards in combating Islamophobia through a sociological approach by advocating fiqh al-Aqalliyāt as a tool to promote inclusivity among the Muslim majority. The results show that the movement against Islamophobia, based on the study of maqashid al-shariah with an emphasis on fiqh al-aqalliyat, is the main choice for American Muslim minorities.

Abstrak

Isu Islamofobia dan perlakuan terhadap minoritas berakar kuat dalam budaya masyarakat Muslim. Sepanjang sejarah, hukum konstitusional Islam telah berfokus pada perlakuan terhadap kelompok minoritas. Namun, makna "minoritas" telah berevolusi dan bergeser dari merujuk pada kelompok minoritas non-Muslim menjadi kelompok minoritas Muslim. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan pendekatan hukum Islam dan sosiologi hukum, dengan mengandalkan data empiris. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menekankan perlunya menilai kembali "minoritas" dan menetapkan standar baru dalam memerangi Islamofobia melalui pendekatan sosiologis dengan mengadvokasi fiqh al-Aqalliyāt sebagai alat untuk mempromosikan inklusivitas di antara mayoritas Muslim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gerakan melawan Islamofobia yang didasarkan pada kajian maqashid al-syariah dengan penekanan pada fiqh al-aqalliyat menjadi pilihan utama bagi minoritas Muslim Amerika.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Subehan Khalik, Faculty of Sharia and Law, State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar, Jl. Sultan Alauddin No.63, Romangpolong, Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

 

 

 

References

Aaron Tyler, Islam, the West, and Tolerance, 1st Publis (PALGRAVE MACMILLANTM, 2008)

Al-Alwani, Taha J., Towards A Fiqh For Minorities Some Basic Reflections, ed. by dr. anas s. al Shaikh-ali and Shiraz Khan, Second Edi (The International Institute Of Islamic Thought, 2010)

Ali, Imam Shamsi, ‘Nusantara Foundation.Org’, Kemenangan Joe Biden Dan Komunitas Muslim Amerika, 2020 <https://nusantarafoundation.org/imam-shamsi-ali/tulisan/kemenangan-joe-biden-dan-komunitas-muslim-amerika-> [accessed 13 October 2021]

———, ‘Nusantarafoundation.Org’, Interfaith Dan Islamophobia- 05, 2022, p. 1 <https://nusantarafoundation.org/tulisan-imam-shamsi-ali/interfaith-dan-islamophobia-05#> [accessed 19 December 2022]

Amri, Muhammad, Risna Mosiba, and Saidna Zulfiqar Bin-Tahir, ‘Interreligious Tolerance in the Perception of Maluku Muslim Society’, Jurnal Adabiyah, 20.1 (2020), p. 178, doi:10.24252/jad.v17i120i1a8

Andini, Andini, ‘Peran Agama Dalam Mengendalikan Dorongan Seksual Kaum Gay Di Kota Bandung’, Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas, 2.4 (2022), pp. 593–98, doi:10.15575/jis.v2i4.20687

Assegaf, Muhammad Soeharto, ‘Ihalal.Id’, Utusan Walikota New York Bertemu Dengan Tokoh-Tokoh Utama Muslim, 2022 <https://ihalal.id/utusan-walikota-new-york-bertemu-dengan-tokoh-tokoh-utama-muslim/> [accessed 12 December 2023]

Bernard Weiss, ‘Dār Al-Islām / Dār Al-Ḥarb Territories, People, Identities’, in Studies in Islamic Law and Society, ed. by Giovanna Calasso and Giuliano Lancioni, First Edit (Brill Nijhoff, 2017), pp. 95-96.

Cesari, Jocelyne, ‘“Islamophobia” in the West: A Comparison Between Europe and America’, in Islamophobia and the Challenges of Pluralism in the 21st Century (Georgetown University, 2011), pp. 18–41

Christoper Allen, Islamophobia, 1st Publis (Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010)

DeVito, Jr., Richard A., ‘Volume 17, Number 2’, American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 17.2 (2018), p. 1, doi:10.5055/ajrt.2018.0161

Emiljun Rapada, ‘Universal Peace Federation A Global Network of Peacebuilder’, American Leaders Discuss Principles for Building a Nation of Peace, 2016 <https://archive.upf.org/peace-education-and-human-development/peace-education-reports/6839-american-leaders-discuss-principles-for-building-a-nation-of-peace> [accessed 21 January 2024]

Fekete, Liz, A Suitable Enemy: Racism, Migration and Islamophobia in Europe, 1st Publis (Pluto Press, 2009)

Foundation, Nusantara, ‘Imam Shamsi Ali’, 2019

Geisser, Vincent, ‘Islamophobia: A French Specificity in Europe?’, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 8.2 (2010), p. 39

Hamdani, ‘The New Santri Challenges to Traditonal Religous Authority in Indonesia’, in New Religious Preacher In The Changing Religious Authority: The Offline And Online Preacher Of Ustadz Abdul Somad, ed. by Noorshahril Saat and Ahmad Najib Burhani (ISEAS Publishing, 2020), pp. 258–77

Hans David Tampubolon, ‘The Jakarta Post’, Imam Shamsi Ali and Rabbi Schneier: Reuniting Muslims and Jews (November 2014) <https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/17/imam-shamsi-ali-and-rabbi-schneier-reuniting-muslims-and-jews.html>

Hassan, Said Fares, ‘Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law’, in Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyt and Muslim Minorities in the West, ed. by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Ahmad Atif Ahmad, and Said Fares Hassan (Routledge, 2019), pp. 313–23, doi:10.4324/9781315753881-20

Imam Feisal A. Rauf, ‘The Relationship between the Muslim World and the United States and the Root of Islamophobia in America’, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 51.2 (2016), pp. 189–97, doi:10.1353/ecu.2016.0028

Imam Mawardi, Ahmad, Fiqh Minoritas Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyât Dan Evolusi Maqâshid Al-Syarî‘ah Dari Konsep Ke Pendekatan, ed. by Ahmala Arifin, Cet. I (LKiS Yogyakarta, 2010)

Indriya, Indriya, and Intan Dwi Wijayanti, ‘Konsep Rahmatan Lil Alamin Imam Shamsi Ali Sebagai Strategi Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Dan Dakwah Kultural Di Amerika’, SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 9.2 (2022), pp. 433–42, doi:10.15408/sjsbs.v9i2.25125

Jafar, Usman, ‘Muslims’ Thoughts of Non-Muslims’ Political Rights In Majority Muslim Areas In Makassar’, Adabiyah, 1.2 (2019), pp. 204–23

John Tolan, ‘THE LEGAL STATUS OF ẒIMMI’S IN THE ISLAMIC WEST’, in Religion and Law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies 1, ed. by Nicolas De Lange at.al Camilla Adang, Nora Berend (Brepols Publishers n.v., 2013), pp. 1–416

Johnston, Douglas M., ‘Combating Islamophobia’, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 51.2 (2016), pp. 165–73, doi:10.1353/ecu.2016.0022

Khalik, Subehan, Perlindungan Warga Negara Asing Dalam Hukum Islam, First Edit (Alauddin University Press, 2021) <http://ebooks.uin-alauddin.ac.id/>

Mona Eltahawy, ‘The Challenge of Being a Muslim in Post-9/11 America’, 2001

Mun’im, Zainul, ‘Peran Kaidah Fikih Dalam Aktualisasi Hukum Islam: Studi Fatwa Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwī Tentang Fiqh Al-Aqalliyāt’, Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 15.1 (2021), pp. 151–72, doi:10.24090/mnh.v15i1.4546

Parray, Tauseef Ahmad, ‘The Legal Methodology of “Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat” and Its Critics: An Analytical Study’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32.1 (2012), pp. 88–107, doi:10.1080/13602004.2012.665624

Poundation, Nusantara, ‘No Title’, Pesantren Nur Inka Nusantara Madani, 2018 <https://nusantarafoundation.org/program/pesantren-nur-inka-nusantara-madani> [accessed 13 January 2024]

Ryad, Umar, A Prelude to Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyât: Rashîd Ridâ’s Fatwâs to Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule, ed. by Timmerman; Christiane, Leman Johan, Segaert Barbara, and Roos H., In-Between Spaces Christan and Muslim Minorities in Transition in Europe and the Middle East (Leiden Universiteit The Netherlands, 2009)

Shamsi Ali, ‘Detik News’, Wajah Amerika Sebenarnya Dalam Gerakan ‘Today I Am a Muslim Too’ (2017) <https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-3429337/wajah-amerika-sebenarnya-dalam-gerakan-today-i-am-a-muslim-too>

Stephen Krensky, Document of Democracy: The Bill of Right, ed. by Anahid Hamparian, 1st Publis (Marshall Cavendish, 2012), III

Tufyal Choudhury, Mohammed Aziz, Duaa Izziden, Intissar Khreeji, and Dilwar Hussain, Perceptions of Discrimination and Islamophobia, 1st Editio (© European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 2006), doi:10.1515/9789048526956-006

Umar, Subehan Khalik, ‘Living Together With Lgbt People in Indonesia’, Al Daulah : Jurnal Hukum Pidana Dan Ketatanegaraan, 8.2 (2019), p. 129, doi:10.24252/ad.v8i2.11218

Vile, John R., David L. Hudson, and David Schultz, ‘USA Patriot Act of 2001’, Encyclopedia of the First Amendment, 2014, pp. 1–132, doi:10.4135/9781604265774.n1369

Whyte, Shaheen, ‘Whither Minority Jurisprudence? The Case of Fiqh Al-Aqalliyat in Australia’, Australian Journal of Islamic Studies, 2.3 (2017), pp. 55–75 <https://www.jasserauda.net/new/pdf/kamil_fiqh_alaqalliyaat.pdf.>

Published
2024-06-27
How to Cite
Khalik, S., Hj Rofie, M. K., Usman, U. F., & Nur Wulan Rohimah. (2024). Challenging Islamophobia by Action (An Overview of the Islamic Activist Movement in America from A Fiqh Aqalliyāt Perspective) . Jurnal Adabiyah, 24(1), 50-64. https://doi.org/10.24252/jad.v24i1a3
Abstract viewed = 220 times