RELASI GENDER DALAM PEMBARUAN HUKUM KELUARGA MUSLIM
Abstract
Hukum keluarga dalam syariat Islam mulai tersentuh pembaruan setelah tahun 1915. Berbeda dengan model pembaruan tahap pertama yang mengadopsi hukum-hukum Barat, pada tahap kedua ini, pembaruan ditujukan untuk menyentuh persoalan metodologi hukum Islam (ushul al-fiqh). Pendekatan yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan Normatif, yaitu al-Qur'an dan hadis dan pendekatan yuridis. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah jenis data kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumentasi yang merujuk pada undang-undang. Objek penelitiannya yaitu Mesir, Tunisia, dan Indonesia. Ada tiga belas aspek dalam hukum keluarga di dunia Islam yang mengalami pembaruan, yakni: batasan umur minimal boleh kawin, pembatasan peran wali dalam perkawinan, keharusan pencatatan perkawinan, kemampuan ekonomi dalam perkawinan, pembatasan kebolehan poligami, nafkah keluarga, pembatasan hak cerai suami, hak-hak dan kewajiban para pihak karena perceraian, masa kehamilan dan implikasinya, hak wali orang tua, hak waris, wasiyat wajibah, dan pengelolaan wakaf. Pembaharuan hukum keluarga muslim dibagi dalam tiga kelompok, yakni: 1) negara yang sama sekali telah meninggalkan hukum syari'at; 2) negara yang sama sekali tidak melakukan pembaruan terhadap hukum keluarga; dan 3) negara yang memberlakukan hukum keluarga yang di dalamnya telah diadakan pembaruan terhadap hukum Islam atau merupakan kombinasi antara hukum tradisional dan konsepsi hukum modern.
ABSTRACT
Family law in Islamic shari’ah begun to experience reform after 1915. In contrast to the first phase of reform models adopting the laws of West, in the second stage, the reform is intended to approach the issue of Islamic legal methodology ( ushul al-figh). The approach used in this study is a normative approach, namely the Qur'an and the Hadith and judicial approach. Data collected is qualitative data. Technique of collecting data employed in this research is documentation that refers to laws. The research objects are Egypt, Tunisia, and Indonesia. There are thirteen aspects in the family law in the Islamic world which have experienced renewal, namely limitation of ages marriage, restriction of guardian's role in marriage, mandatory of marriage registration, economy capability in marriage, restriction of polygamy, family income, restriction of husband's rights of divorce, the rights and obligations for all parties due to divorce, pregnancy period and its implication, parental custody, the rights of inheritance, wasiyat wajibah, and waqf management. The reform of the Muslim family law can be divided into three groups, namely; (1) state altogether has left Shari'ah law; (2) state is in no way to reform the family law; (3) state has enacted the family law within which it has been held the reform of Islamic law or combination between traditional and modern legal conception.
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