The Use of an Ambroxol Solution to Assess Acute Dermal Irritation on Rabbit Skin
Keywords:
Ambroxol solutions, Acute dermal irritation test, Histopatologic test, Erythema, Edema
Abstract
Ambroxol can overcome infections due to the presence of biofilms in the body by interfering with the formation of sticky biofilms and reducing biofilm production, so it has the potential to be used in topical preparations for the treatment of infections. This study aimed to measure the irritating effect on the skin of rabbits resulting from the ambroxol solution to assess the safety of the ambroxol solution. The methods refers to BPOM 2020, namely by dabbing 0.5 ml of ambroxol solution on the back skin of rabbits, then covering it with gauze and non-irritant plasters, after 4 hours of cleaning of residues is then observed at 1 , 24, 48 and 72 hours to see whether or not there was an effect of erythema and edema arising from the influence of the experiment, and at the end of the investigation, a histopathological test was carried out. The results of the research are Macroscopically the ambroxol solution did not show any erythema and edema, so the primary irritation index score was obtained for all test solutions with a score of 0. In contrast, in the microscopic irritation test, the score for erythema was 4 and for edema was 3. . From this research, it can be concluded that the ambroxol solution non-irritating to the skin.
KEYWORDS: Biofilm, ambroxol solutions, acute irritation test.
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Author Biography
Munifah Wahyuddin, Doctorate program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin, Makassar, Indonesia
References
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Abbas. (2017). Targeting the Virulence Factors of Serratia marcescens by Ambroxol. Journal Roumanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology, 31.
Abbas, H. A. (2014). Ambroxol blocks swarming and swimming motilities and inhibits biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis isolated from diabetic foot infection Ambroxol blocks swarming and swimming motilities and inhibits biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis. Journal Asian Pharma Press, 115.
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de Azevedo Queiroz ÍO, M. T.-F. (2021). Biological and antimicrobial properties of the association Ambroxol and a water-soluble viscous liquid as a vehicle for a tricalcium silicate-based sealer. . J Mater Sci Mater Med, 32(12):140.
Delgadillo, H. (2014). Effects of Ambroxol on Candida Albicans Growth and Biofilm Formation. Article Mycoses, 231.
Hadidy, W., & Baraka, A. (2021). Role of Ambroxol as APropylactic Against COVID-19. Journal Of Pharmaceutical Research, 61-65.
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Kristen, J., Schimmel, J., & Henk, G. J. (2004). Cardiac Toxicity of Cytotoxic Drugs Cancer Treatmen Reviews. 171-191.
Li, F. (2011). Effect of Ambroxol on Pneumonia Caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa with Biofilm Formation in an Endotracheal Intubation Rat Model. Journal Experimental Chemotherapy, 177-180.
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Linssen, R., Ma, & Bem, R. (2020). Rational Use of Mucoactive Medications to Treat Pediatric Airway Disiase. Pediatric Respiratory Reviews, 7-14.
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Olaleye, O., Kaur, & Onyneka, C. (2020). Ambroxol Hydrochloride Inhibits the Interaction Between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein's Receptor Binding Domain and Recombinant Human ACE2. BioR.
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Roscetto, E. (2018). Antifungal and Anti-Biofilm Activity of the First Cryptic Antimicrobial Peptide from an Archaeal Protein against Candida Spp. Clinical Isolates. Newyork: Scientific Report.
Shanmugasundaram, S., Bharathithasan, S., & Elangoyan, S. (2002). 5-Fluorouracil Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Indian Heart J, 7-97.
Sousa, R., Lakha, D., Brette, S., & Hittier, S. (2019). A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ambroxol Hard Boiled Lozenges in Patients with Acute Pharyngitis. Pulm Ther.
Sunkari, S., Thatikonda, S., Pooladanda, V., & Challa. (2019). Protective Effects of ambroxol in Psoriasis like Skin Inflammation : Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Int Immunnopharmacol.
T, R. (2002). Angina Induced by 5-Fluorouracil Infusion in a Patient with Normal Coronaries. Am Heart Hosp J, 1-111.
U, R. H. (2018). Development and Validation of the Analytical Method of Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Tablets by Absorbance Method and Area Under the Curve by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. Journal Farmasi Higea, 1.
Ulfa. (2017). Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method for Separation of Ambroxol Hcl in X Brand Syrup. Jurnal Analisis Farmasi, 2.
Venturelli, A., & Costi. (2005). Thymidylate Synthase, Function and Implication in Drug Discovery. Curr Med, 57.
Weiser, T. (2008). Ambroxol: A CNS Drug. Journal Compilation., 17.
Z, L. (2021). The Effect of Adjuvant Therapy with Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Elderly Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disiase Patient. American Journal of Translational Research, 9275-9295.
Abbas. (2017). Targeting the Virulence Factors of Serratia marcescens by Ambroxol. Journal Roumanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology, 31.
Abbas, H. A. (2014). Ambroxol blocks swarming and swimming motilities and inhibits biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis isolated from diabetic foot infection Ambroxol blocks swarming and swimming motilities and inhibits biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis. Journal Asian Pharma Press, 115.
Beeh, K. M. (2018). Antiinflammatory Properties of Ambroxol. . European Journal of Medical Research, 1.
BPOM. (2020). Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat Dan Makanan Tentang Pedoman Uji Toksisitas Praklinik Secara in Vivo. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Cazan, Kantar, A., Klimek, L., & Sperl, A. (2020). An Overview of Efficacy and Safety of Ambroxol for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Respiratory Disiase with a Special Regard to Children. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 511.
Claudio. (2013). Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Ambroxol Against Oral Bacteria’. Journal the Pharma Innovation, 55-56.
de Azevedo Queiroz ÍO, M. T.-F. (2021). Biological and antimicrobial properties of the association Ambroxol and a water-soluble viscous liquid as a vehicle for a tricalcium silicate-based sealer. . J Mater Sci Mater Med, 32(12):140.
Delgadillo, H. (2014). Effects of Ambroxol on Candida Albicans Growth and Biofilm Formation. Article Mycoses, 231.
Hadidy, W., & Baraka, A. (2021). Role of Ambroxol as APropylactic Against COVID-19. Journal Of Pharmaceutical Research, 61-65.
Halmo, L., Wang, G., Reynolds, K., & Delva, H. C. (2021). Pediactric Fatalities Associated With Over the Counter Cough and Cold Medications. Pediactrik, 147.
Jamal, M. (2015). Historical Background of Biofilm. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 5.
Kantar A, K. L. (2020). An overview of efficacy and safety of ambroxol for the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory diseases with a special regard to children. Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine, 15 (1), 15.
Kantar, A. (2020). An Overview of Efficacy and Safety of Ambroxol for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Respiratory Diseases with a Special Regard to Children. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 2.
Kristen, J., Schimmel, J., & Henk, G. J. (2004). Cardiac Toxicity of Cytotoxic Drugs Cancer Treatmen Reviews. 171-191.
Li, F. (2011). Effect of Ambroxol on Pneumonia Caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa with Biofilm Formation in an Endotracheal Intubation Rat Model. Journal Experimental Chemotherapy, 177-180.
Li, X., Wu, X., Gao, Hao, L., & Sun. (2019). Apoptisis Linked Antifungal Effect of Ambroxol Hydrochloride by Cystolic Calcium Concentration Disturbance in Resistant Candida Albicans. Shi China Life Sci, 1601-1604.
Linssen, R., Ma, & Bem, R. (2020). Rational Use of Mucoactive Medications to Treat Pediatric Airway Disiase. Pediatric Respiratory Reviews, 7-14.
M, A. (2020). Azithromycin and Ambroxol as Potensial Pharmacotheraphy for SARS-CoV2. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56.
Nagar, A., Delhi, N., & Reddy, K. (2002). Cardiovascular Disease in the Developing Countries : Dimensions, Determinants, Dynamics and Directions for Public Health Action. Public Health Nutr, 7.
Olaleye, O., Kaur, & Onyneka, C. (2020). Ambroxol Hydrochloride Inhibits the Interaction Between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein's Receptor Binding Domain and Recombinant Human ACE2. BioR.
Purbowati, R. (2018). The Relationship of Biofilms to Infection: Public Health Implications and Strategies to Control It. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran, 9.
Reddy KS, A. N. (2022). Cardiovascular diseases in the developing countries: dimensions, determinants, dynamics and directions for public health action. . Public Health Nutr, 5 (1A):231-7.
Roscetto, E. (2018). Antifungal and Anti-Biofilm Activity of the First Cryptic Antimicrobial Peptide from an Archaeal Protein against Candida Spp. Clinical Isolates. Newyork: Scientific Report.
Shanmugasundaram, S., Bharathithasan, S., & Elangoyan, S. (2002). 5-Fluorouracil Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Indian Heart J, 7-97.
Sousa, R., Lakha, D., Brette, S., & Hittier, S. (2019). A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ambroxol Hard Boiled Lozenges in Patients with Acute Pharyngitis. Pulm Ther.
Sunkari, S., Thatikonda, S., Pooladanda, V., & Challa. (2019). Protective Effects of ambroxol in Psoriasis like Skin Inflammation : Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Int Immunnopharmacol.
T, R. (2002). Angina Induced by 5-Fluorouracil Infusion in a Patient with Normal Coronaries. Am Heart Hosp J, 1-111.
U, R. H. (2018). Development and Validation of the Analytical Method of Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Tablets by Absorbance Method and Area Under the Curve by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. Journal Farmasi Higea, 1.
Ulfa. (2017). Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method for Separation of Ambroxol Hcl in X Brand Syrup. Jurnal Analisis Farmasi, 2.
Venturelli, A., & Costi. (2005). Thymidylate Synthase, Function and Implication in Drug Discovery. Curr Med, 57.
Weiser, T. (2008). Ambroxol: A CNS Drug. Journal Compilation., 17.
Z, L. (2021). The Effect of Adjuvant Therapy with Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Elderly Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disiase Patient. American Journal of Translational Research, 9275-9295.
Published
2023-07-25
How to Cite
Wahyuddin, M., Mukhriani, Vera Olfiana, Ika Puspita Sari, Rizka Humardewayanti Asdie, & Titik Nuryastuti. (2023). The Use of an Ambroxol Solution to Assess Acute Dermal Irritation on Rabbit Skin. Ad-Dawaa’ Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.24252/djps.v6i1.38401
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