Membaca Pemikiran Arkoun Tentang Etika Politik Islam
Abstract
Lack of concern towards ethics in politics is a major problem occurring in political practice. This, indeed, opposes the noble mission of politics as an art of state management. Hence, it needs a commitment to deal with political ethics as a behavior synergic with political acts. Moreover, it is necessary to consider that political ethics should ideally become political identity. Based on this, this article will discuss political ethics in contemporary Islam based on Mohammed Arkoun's perspective. Through content analysis of his works, this article will explore Arkoun's criticism toward established concept of "Madinah State" particularly in its relation to political ethics. According to Arkoun, epistemology in Islam should be considered as historical product which is merely applicable in a particular time. Product of thought may not be relevant in all conditions and space; therefore, it cannot be implemented without time constrains. Most of Muslim intellectuals firmly believe that Madinah State is an ideal model of Islamic state. In Arkoun's viewpoint, this belief may only be applicable during the Caliphate periods, approximately between 622 AD. and 1258 AD. He emphasizes that there are no Qur'anic or Hadith texts enforcing Muslims to obey the system of Madinah State. The most important one, in his opinion, is political ethics due to its very essential and universal entity. What has happened along the history of a state may be applied to improve and influence its established political system. In this context, political ethics is not merely about whether a state is either Islamic or secular, but it is about a state that consistently implements ethics in its political system.
References
Arkoun, Mohammed, Kearah Islamologi Terapan, Jurnal Aljamiah No. 53 IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, 1993.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Islam Modernitas, Jakarta : Paramadina, 2001.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Islam Kontemporer, Menuju Dialog antar Agama, Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar, 2001.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Kajian Kontemporer Al-Qur'an, Bandung : Pustaka, 1998.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Membongkar Wacana Hegomoni dalam Islam dan Post Modernisms (Aina al-Fikru al-lslami al-Muasir), Surabaya : Al-Fikr, 1999.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Nalar Islam dan Nalar Modern, berbagai Tantangan dan Jalan Baru, Jakarta: INIS, 1994.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Al-Fikr al-lslami : Qira ah Ilmiyyah, terjemahan Hasyim Shalih, Beirut : Markaz al-lnam al-Qaumi, 1987.
Ar-Roziq Ali-Abd, Islam Dasar-dasar Pemerintahan, Kajian Khilafah dan Pemerintahan dalam Islam, Yogyakarta : Jendela, 2002.
David Sigiv, Islam Otentisitas Liberalisme, Judul asli Fundamentalism and Intellectual, Yogyakarta : IKIS, 1995.
Esha Muhammad Inam, Islam Etika dan Dilema Moral, dalam Jurnal Refleksi Filsafat dan Pemikiran Keislaman, Vol. 2, No. 1, Januari 2002, IAIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
Fazlur Rahman, "Concept Sunnah, Ijtihad, and Ijma, in the Early Period Islamic Studies Vo. 1.
John Hendrik Meuleman, Arkoun dan Kritik untuk Islam, cet. 2, Yogyakarta : IKIS, 1996.
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Khalid Ibrahim Jinda, Teori Politik Islam, Telaah Kritis Ibnu Taimiyah Tentang Pemerintahan Islam, Surabaya : Risalah Gusti, 1999.
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Endnotes
Haryatmoko, Etika Politik dan Kekuasaan, (Jakarta : Kompas, 2003), hal. 240.
Khalid Ibrahim Jinda, Teori Politik Islam, Telaah Kritis Ibnu Taimiyah tentang Pemerintahan Islam, (Surabaya : Risalah Gusti, 1999), hal. 89.
John Hendrik Meuleman, Arkoun dan Kritik untuk Islam, cet. 2, (Yogyakarta : IKIS, 1996).
Mohammed Arkoun, Kajian Kontemporer Al-Qur’an, (Bandung : Pustaka, 1998). hal. 221.
Diringkas dari Mohammaed Arkoun, Nalar Islam dan Nalar Modern, berbagai Tantangan dan Jalan Baru, (Jakarta : INIS, 1994), hal. 1-2.
Ia pada awalnya mengkritik tiga nelar Islam yang kemudian ia kelompokkan pada tiga model nalar : pertama, Nalar Islami Klasik (NIK), kedua nalar ortodoks dan akal praktis serta ketiga wacana Arab kontemporer. Dilacak lebih lanjut dalam Mohammed Arkoun, Nalar Islami Nalar Modern, alih bahasa Rahayu S. Hidayat, hal. 126.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Kearah Islamologi Terapan (Jurnal Aljamiah No. 53 IAIN. Sunan Kalijaga, 1993), hal. 25.
Lihat buku Arkoun, Al-Fikr al-Islami : Qira ah Ilmiyyah, terjemahan Hasyim Shalih, (Beirut : Markaz al-Inam al-Qaumi, 1987), hal. 17.
Arkoun, Islam Kontemporer, Menuju Dialog antar Agama, (Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar, 2001), hal. 25.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Membongkar Wacana Hegomoni dalam Islam dan Post Modernisme (Aina al-Fikru al-Islami al-Muasir), (Surabaya : Al-Fikr, 1999), hal. 274.
Ibid., hal. 275.
Arkoun Muhammed, Islam Modernitas, (Jakarta : Paramadina, 2001), hal. 89.
David Sigiv, Islam Otentisitas Liberalisme, Judul Asli Fundamentalism and Intelectual, (Yogyakarta : IKIS, 1995), hal. 204.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Kajian Kontemporer Al-Qur’an, (Bandung : Pustaka, 1998), hal. 224.
Arkoun, Mohammed, Kajian Kontemporer Al-Qur’an, hal. 224.
Arkoun, Muhammed, Islam Remagen, hal. 125.
Fazlur Rahman, “Concept Sunnah, Ijtihad, and Ijma, in the Early Penod”, Islamic Studies Vo. 1, hal. 21.
Arkoun, Muhammed, Islam Modernitas, (Jakarta : Paramadina, 1999), hal. 82.
Arkoun, Muhammed, Islam Kontemporer menuju Dialog antar Agama, (Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar, 2001), hal. xx.
Loc.cit., Arkoun Muhammaed, hal. 277.
Arkoun, Muhammaed, Islam Modernitas, hal. 83.
Skriptual yaitu Islam menurut yang termaktub dalam kitab sucinya (Al-Qur’an) dan Sunnah Nabi.
John L. Esposito, cs., Dialektika Peradaban, Modernisme Politik dan Budaya Diakhir Abad ke-20, (Yogyakarta : Qalam, 2002), hal. 172.
Ar-Roziq Ali-Abd, Islam Dasar-dasar Pemerintahan, Kajian Khilafah dan Pemerintahan dalam Islam, (Yogyakarta : Jendela, 2002), hal. 117.
Arkoun, Ibid., hal. 297.
Shireen T. Hunter, Politik Kebangkitan Islam, Keberagaman dan Kesatuan, (Yogyakarta Tiara Wacana, 2001), hal. 280-281.
Ibid., hal. 282.
Arkoun.
Haryatmoko, Etika Politik, hal. 151-152.
Esha Muhammad Inam, Islam Etika dan Dilema Moral, dalam Jurnal Refleksi Filsafat dan Pemikiran Keislaman, Vol. 2, No. 1, Januari 2002, (IAIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta), hal. 24.
Arkoun, Membongkar Hegomoni, hal. 286.
Haryatmoko, Etika Politik dan Kekuasaan, hal. 205.
Arkoun Membongkar Hegomoni, hal. 284.
Arkoun, Membongkar Hegomoni, hal. 290.
Haryatmoko, Etika Politik, hal. 46-47.